Antibacterial drugs other antibacterials

Therapy for infection Ronan McMullan and Amit Bedi Introduction Antibacterial agents Other antibacterial drugs Antifungal drugs Antiviral therapy INTRODUCTION... 

Toxoplasmosis Lymph nodes many organs and tissues Pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine [see antimalarial drugs] other antibacterials [clindamycin] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole another agent [azithromycin, clarithromycin, atovaquone, or dapsone]... 

Mammals must obtain their tetrahydrofolate requirements from their diet, but microorganisms are able to synthesize this material. This offers scope for selective action and led to the use of sulfanilamide and other antibacterial sulfa drugs, compounds that competitively inhibit the biosynthetic enzyme (dihydropteroate synthase) that incorporates p-aminobenzoic acid into the structure (see Box 7.23). 

This drug possesses antibacterial activity with respect to a few cocci and colon bacillus. It exhibits a simultaneous, pronounced healing effect in patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis, which is explained by the degradation in the body of 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine, which possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. It is used for ulcerative colitis, chronic rhenmatoid arthritis as well as acnte and snbacnte inflammatory diseases. Synonyms of this drng are slazopyrin, salazosnlfapyridine, and others. 

Superinfection As with other antibacterial drugs, use of tigecycline may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi. Carefully monitor patients during therapy. If superinfection occurs, take appropriate measures. 

Drug resistance To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the efficacy of nitrofurantoin and other antibacterial drugs, only use nitrofurantoin to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. 

This morning Td like to address basic medicinal chemistry, and specifically, how to manipulate drugs from natural sources. Biosynthetic engineering has recently been exploited in antibacterial drug discovery, but can also be applied to anticancer drugs, antiviral drugs, and others. 

These and other related P-lactams are medically important antibacterial drugs whose numbers are increasing as a result of new isolations, synthetic modifications, and utilization of purified biosynthetic enzymes. C/1 m... 

In 1998, Machida et al. [45] and Hyun et al. [46] developed a new CCE-based CSP (covalently bonded to silica gel see Sect. 8.2). This CSP was used successfully for the chiral resolution of certain racemic compounds using a variety of mobile phases. The most important applications of this CSP are for the resolution of amino acids, amino esters, amino alcohols, amines, amides, quinolone antibacterials, and other drugs having primary amino groups [46-51,64,65]. The typical chromatograms of the chiral resolution of amino acids on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,ll,12-tetracarboxylic acid CSP are shown in Figure 4. The enantiomeric resolution of the racemic compound on CCE-based CSPs are listed in Table 2. There is no report available on the chiral separations at the preparative scale using these CSPs. 

Several other antibacterial drugs work by mechanisms that are either unknown or are different from the classical antibacterial mechanisms described previously. These drugs are discussed individually here. 

---