Anti-miRNA

Fig. 3 Chemically modified ASOs that have been used for anti-miRNA. (a) Unmodified ASO. (b) Chemically modified ASO with phosphorothioate backbone (R1 position) and 2 sugar modification such as 2 -0-methyl, 2 -0-methyoxyethyl, and 2 -flouro (R2 position), (c) Locked nucleic acid, (d) Morpholino...

Anti-miRNAASO with chemical modifications Cholesterol-conjugaled anti-miRNA ASO... 

Esau and coworkers also inhibited miR-122 in normal mice by intraperito-neally injecting an unconjugated 2 -MOE modified anti-miRNA oligonucleotide (AMO) [134]. This led to an increase in mRNA levels of miR-122 target genes and a decrease in plasma cholesterol. While the mechanism governing the reduction of miRNA by the AMOs is not clear, it is known that the AMO acts on the mature miRNAs since the levels of pre-miR-122 remain unchanged. 

Weiler J, Hunziker J, Hall J (2006) Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) ammunition to target miRNAs implicated in human disease. Gene Ther 13 496-502... 

IhRNAs have also been used to induce an anti-HIV-1 RNAi response (Barichievy et al. 2007 Konstantinova et al. 2006, 2007 Liu et al. 2007). These IhRNAs can be processed into multiple effective siRNAs, thus preventing the chance of viral escape. Although IhRNA have been shown to effectively inhibit HIV-1 replication, there is currently no data on their ability to prevent viral escape. The use of multiple siRNAs or IhRNAs should take into account the increased danger of side effects due to interference with cellular miRNA processing and function. 

The importance of AChE to this process is evident in that low-dose lipopolysaccharide induces a 10-fold increase in miRNA-132 levels, which in turn reduces AChE protein levels and activity in the human serum, potentiating the anti-inflammatory reflex (Shaked et al., 2009 Waiskopf et al., 2014). Thus, ACh hydrolysis by ChEs interferes with the ACh anti-inflammatory effect, and their regulation can rebalance it. 

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