Anthraquinone CAS

Later Gore [47] found that 9-nitroanthracene when heated with sulphuric and trichloroacetic acid to 9S C, after 15 min revealed a considerable amount of nitric acid ca. 80% and anthraquinone ca. 20%. This author suggests a scheme ... 

Abbreviations A/Q, anthraquinone CA, secondary cellulose acetate C.I., colour index CT, cellulose triacetate CuPc, copper phthalocyanine PA, polyamide PAC, polyacrylonitrile PES, polyester. 

These chromophores have declined significantly in importance as textile dyes bnt have remained of interest becanse of their fluorescent behaviour, as discussed in Chapter 3, section 3.5.1.5. One exception is the triphenodioxazine ring system, which is used to produce valuable blue dyes in the Direct (2.19) and Reactive dye classes (2.20) as well as pigments (see section 2.4.1.7). The dyes from this chromogen have a very high molar absorption coefficient (ca. 80 000) versus typical anthraquinone dyes (ca. 15 000) and have therefore replaced some of the dyes from this latter chromogen in the reactive dyeing of cotton. ... 

Jinsart, W Ternai, B. Polya, G.M. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C and of plant Ca -depen-dent protein kinase by anthraquinones. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 373, 903-910 (1992)... 

Dinitro-l, 5-dinitraminoanthraquinone, cryst yel powder, mp explodes ca 134° si sol in coned H2SO4 giving a red color insol in w can be prepd by treating 1, 5-dinitramino-anthraquinone with HNQi at 0°. 

Note No higher nitrated derivs of amino-hydroxy anthraquinones were found in Beil of CA through 1956... 

K. Tam lira, B ull In stPhysChemRe search (Tokyo) 16, 950(1937) CA 32, 5631(1938) (Nitration of anthraquinone with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid gave 1-nitroanthraquinone) 2)... 

Quinone Colors depend on mordant and pH 1. benzoquinone 2. naphthaquinone 3. anthraquinone Carthamine Juglone Alizarin Purpurin Walnut or butternut (Juglans sp.) Rubiaceae family Sorrel (Rumex sp.) Poligonaceae family Forms lake with mordant For 3. pH >7 -> violet-blue pH < 7-> yellow-red AL rose-red Ca bluish-red Zn red-violet Fe black-violet Cr=red brown... 

Note One of the compds, 2 nitraminoanthraqui-none, patented by the ChemFabrik Griesheim-Elektron, SwissP 62,348(1912) CA 8,2263 (1914), was reported to expl at 206°. It is a yel powder obtained by treating anthraquinone-2-isodiazocace with an oxidizing agent... 

Table 3.1 summarizes observed absorption maxima as a function of various substituents. In particular, blue triphenodioxazines have very high molar extinctions e, comparable to those of bisazo and phthalocyanine dyes. Until recently, anthraquinone dyes (e ca. 15 000) were predominant in most applications requiring brilliant blue dyes, but the much stronger triphenodioxazine dyes now represent a less expensive alternative in many applications. 

The increase in pulp yield may reach 8% on dry wood basis, but requires high pressures (> 1000 kPa) and a large excess of hydrogen sulfide (ca. 10% of wood). Only a fraction of the hydrogen sulfide (1 -2% of wood) is consumed and the rest is recoverable. Table 7-7 illustrates the influence of some oxidizing and reducing agents on the carbohydrate yield of kraft pulp. Stabilization with anthraquinone is dealt with in Section 7.3.7. 

When sulfonated anthraquinones are used, hydroxylation is conducted with Ca(OH)2 to avoid over oxidation that occurs when hot... 

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