Answers to Questions and Problems

Worked Examples demonstrate how to utilize the concepts in this course in problem solving. Each example is accompanied by one or more exercises (Try It) that are answered in Appendix F, thereby helping students to check their understanding. The examples and exercises, combined with the Concept Checks, are designed to help students gain confidence about smaller segments of material before they try to answer larger questions and problems at the end of each chapter. 

The Questions, Exercises, and Problems generally are in matched pairs in which consecutive odd-even numbered combinations involved similar reasoning and, in the case of exercises, similar calculations. Most of the odd-numbered questions out of the matched-pair groups are answered at the end of the book. Answers to exercises and problems include calculation setups. Most General Questions and More Challenging Questions, odd-numbered and even, are answered at the end of the book. Numbers of answered questions are printed in blue numbers of unanswered questions are printed in black. 

Several questions present themselves immediately How good does the initial guess have to be How do we know that the procedure leads to better guesses, not worse How many steps (how long) will the procedure take How do we know when to stop These questions and others like them will play an important role in this book. You will not be surprised to leam that answers to questions like these vary from one problem to another and cannot be set down once and for all. Let us start with a famous problem in quantum mechanics blackbody radiation. 

This manual includes complete solutions to all end-of-chapter Questions and Problems answered in Appendix 6, including the Challenge Problems. The author includes references to textbook sections and tables to help guide students to use the problem-solving techniques employed by the authors. Selected solutions from each chapter, identified by the web icon, are on the student companion site at academicxengagexom/chemistry/masterton. 

Finally, it needs to be noted that the final answers to questions concerning the processability and the qualification of a polymer reflect its behavior only in the individual circumstances of the commercial processing. The analytical methods described are only a tool for understanding special sectors of materials properties and how to solve problems in industrial polymer processing. 

The second expectation that students with a problem-solving mindset had related to the answers to questions they were asked on homework and exams. These students expected that the answers they obtained as the result of their calculations were the true and correct values. In other words, the equation used during a problem was expected to give a value that exactly corresponded to... 

An important point. The other important conclusion to be drawn from this problem is the limitations imposed on the interpretation by an insufficiently extensive range of the experimental conditions, viz. the limited range of pH over which the first set of data has been collected. Similar conclusions were drawn in the answer to the Further problems of Chapter 4 Question 5, and Worked Problem 7.5. 

In many instances spectroscopic constants can now be computed to an accuracy comparable with that which they can be measured. The choice between calcula-lation and measurement then rests solely on grounds of convenience and cost. It is in the realm where the constants are needed but cannot be measured that the potential of this work lies. For full exploitation there needs to be some change of emphasis in the work of theoreticians it is ceasing to be a matter of wonder if the calculations can reproduce the experiments. It is now time to seek out the problems wherever the application of computation is going to be really beneficial, providing answers to questions for which the answer is really sought, perhaps in photochemistry or astrophysics. 

In each of the questions and problems below, rather than just drawing a box around your answer, write a sentence or two describing how you solved the problem, the assumptions you made, the reasonableness of your answer, what you learned, and any other facts you want to include. You may wish to refer to W. Strunk and E. B. White, The Elements of Style (New York Macmillan, 1979) and Joseph M. Williams, St) ie Ten Lessons in Clarity Grace (Glenview, 111. Scott, Foresman 19S9) to enhance the quality of your sentences. 

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