Anionic polymerizable surfactants

Schoonbrood, H.A.S., Unzue, MJ., Beck, O. and Asua, J.M. (1997) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization. 7. Emulsion copolymerization mechanism involving three anionic polymerizable surfactants (surfmers) with styrene-butyl acrylate acrylic acid. Macromolecules, 30, 6024-33. 

Ionic Surfmers. Ionic Surfmers were extensively considered in the early developments of polymerizable surfactants. Examples of products with anionic, cationic and amphoteric moieties are given in Figures 6.40-6.48. 

In the field of nonionic polymerizable surfactants, a pioneering work was published by the Ottewill group. They prepared two sets of polystyrene latexes [29]. The first set was initiated by KPS at 80 °C and resulted in charged latexes. The set comprised a conventional anionic surfactant, a conventional nonionic... 

Typical polymeric pseudostationary phases include micelle polymers, polymeric surfactants, water-soluble anionic siloxanes and dendrimers [223-231]. Micelle polymers [e.g. poly(sodium 10-undecylenate), poly (sodium 10-undecenylsulfate), poly(sodium undeconylvalinate), etc.] are synthesized from polymerizable surfactant monomers at a concentration above their critical micelle concentration. These polymers have similar structures to micelles without the dynamic nature of the micelle structure. Polymeric surfactants are polymers with surfactant properties [e.g. acrylate copolymers, such as 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and alkyl methacrylamide, alkyl methacrylate or alkyl acrylate, poly (ally lamine)-supported phases, poly(ethyleneimine), etc]. Water-soluble anionic siloxane polymers are copolymers of alkylmethylsiloxane... 

In recent years, there has been a considerable interest in the use of polymerizable surfactants for latices. Such surfactants contain a polymerizable group which may be an acrylate, a methacrylate, an allyl ether or a maleate double bond. Both anionic and nonionic reactive surfactants are commercially available. The polymerizable surfactant is usually added from the beginning, in essence serving as a comonomer in the emulsion polymerization. The reactive surfactant may... 

The surfactant may be cationic, or anionic, even nonionic. The type most used for MCM-41 and MCM-48 is cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant. The inorganic resources are those monomers or oligomers that are polymerizable or condensable under certain conditions (concentration, temperature, pressure, pH, solvent, etc.) and form inorganic solid matter such as gel, ceramic, and glass. The depolymerization or hydrolysis is necessary sometimes, for example with TEOS, Ti(OC2H5)4, silicon sol, sodium silicate, and amorphous silica. 

Fig. 25 Scheme for associating polymerizable anions with a cationic dual-chain surfactant to form DDDB and DDVB. Reprinted with permission from [116]. Copyright 2004, Wiley... 

Another strategy consists in the use of QDs coated with a cysteine acrylamide, a polymerizable stabilizer [304]. Successful incorporation of hydrophilic cysteine-acrylamide-stabilized QDs into 80-200 nm fluorescent latexes was achieved via emulsion polymerization, as reported by Sherman et al. [308], using two different procedures. In the first, a two-step shot growth surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene and NaSS was performed in the presence of a solution of hydrophilic cysteine-acrylamide-stabilized CdS or CdSe/CdS QDs. In the second approach, CdSe/CdS QDs were first electrostatically modified by vinylbenzyl(trimethyl)-ammonium chloride and subsequently copolymerized with styrene in the presence of SDS. A third approach was also described in this paper coating of cationic PS particles with anionic poly(cysteine acrylamide)-coated QDs through electrostatic-driven interactions. 

The same problem of incorporation is also under examination with block copolymer of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide, already quoted above for inisurfs and transurfs, but functionalized with various polymerizable groups such as acrylic, methacrylic, and styrenic. These surfactants are produced by ring-opening anionic polymerization of butylene oxide, initiated by the... 

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