Animal feed, challenges

The third argument is that antibiotics in animal feeds, in veterinary prescriptions, and in human prescriptions, all contribute to resistance, and that only the first of these three uses should be discontinued This argument is challenged by results in Europe There was no decrease in resistance in coli following the ban on penicillin and tetracycline in animal feeds as enacted following the Swann report ... 

Animal feeding is experiencing tremendous changes. Its initial objective - to meet nutritional requirements - is now only one of many challenges we must understand and control its impact on product quality and safety, on animal welfare and health, and on the environment These wider objectives require the development of new concepts of nutritional value of feedstuffs,for which these tables are a useful basis. The new feed characteristics provided therein (amino acid digestibility, availability or digestibility of minerals, cation-anion difference) are definitely within this framework. 

Realistically, open ponds will be necessary for growing algae at the cost and scale necessary to compete with cheap commodities like fuel and animal feed. However, they come with a profound set of unique challenges - both biological and abiotic. Fortunately, progress is being made on these fronts due to the availability of functional commercial and academic pilot-scale open pond facilities. 

Liquid enzyme products have various applications such as additives in dishwasher detergents and animal feed (PPLA, post-pelleting liquid application). The formulation of enzymes in liquid form can be challenging as the liquid forms are more dynamic systems compared to solids because of the presence of water, and for this reason additional stabilizing agents are required in liquid formulations. 

The human dimension of this challenge lies in two folds. First, in the upstream location there are issues of landlessness and peasantry due to marginalization of communities within and around the irrigated areas due to land capitalization and speculation. Second, in the downstream location there is a complete reversal of livelihood systems. This happens as water is diverted from areas of water-demand, that is, from areas for irrigation and fishing to areas of less water demand, which are now flooded. A major loss is the loss of wet season upland plots. The herding communities are also affected as they also lost their annual camps sites and as well as their animals feed. 

Seeds of legumes are important sources of protein and are commonly used commercially as animal feed supplements or may be used for cosmetic purposes. Unfortunately, extracting proteins in high quantities without modifying their structural and chemical properties is a challenge. 

Animal nutrition and feeding the challenges of organic farming... 

---