Anilines hydroxylation reactions

Example compounds affecting the adrenal cortex include acrylonitrile, amino-gluthemide, amytriptyline, aniline, carbon tetrachloride (Colby et al. 1994), chloroform, cimetidine, etomidate, domperidone, fluphenazine, glycyrrhizin, ketoconazole (Loose et al. 1983), methanol, parathion, pentabarbitone, phencyclidine, pyra-zole, spironolactone, tamoxifen, and urethane (Colby and Longhurst 1992 Szabo and Sandoz 1997). Amytriptyline and cimetidine reduce corticosterone secretion, whereas pentobarbitone and phencyclidine increase its secretion. Etomidate inhibits 11(3- and 17a-hydroxylating reactions. Spironolactone affects cytochrome P450 enzymes (Kossor et al. 1991), and domperidone blocks cortisol secretion. Some ACAT inhibitors cause adrenal cytotoxicity (Wolfgang et al. 1995). 

The direct conversion of aniline into aminophenols may be achieved by hydrogen peroxide hydroxylation in SbE —HE at —20 to —40° C. The reaction yields all possible aminophenols via the action of H20" 2 on the anilinium ions the major product is 3-aminophenol (64% yield) (70,71). This isomer may also be made by the hydrolysis of 3-aminoaniline [108-45-2] in dilute acid at 190°C (72). Another method of limited importance, but useful in the synthesis of derivatives, is the dehydrogenation of aminocyclohexenones (73). 

In many cases, substituents linked to a pyrrole, furan or thiophene ring show similar reactivity to those linked to a benzenoid nucleus. This generalization is not true for amino or hydroxyl groups. Hydroxy compounds exist largely, or entirely, in an alternative nonaromatic tautomeric form. Derivatives of this type show little resemblance in their reactions to anilines or phenols. Thienyl- and especially pyrryl- and furyl-methyl halides show enhanced reactivity compared with benzyl halides because the halogen is made more labile by electron release of the type shown below. Hydroxymethyl and aminomethyl groups on heteroaromatic nuclei are activated to nucleophilic attack by a similar effect. 

As with the other aminoplastics, the chemistry of resin formation is incompletely understood. It is, however, believed that under acid conditions at aniline-formaldehyde ratios of about 1 1.2, which are similar to those used in practice, the reaction proceeds via p-aminobenzyl alcohol with subsequent condensation between amino and hydroxyl groups (Figure 24.10). 

It has become clear that benzoate occupies a central position in the anaerobic degradation of both phenols and alkylated arenes such as toluene and xylenes, and that carboxylation, hydroxylation, and reductive dehydroxylation are important reactions for phenols that are discussed in Part 4 of this chapter. The simplest examples include alkylated benzenes, products from the carboxylation of napthalene and phenanthrene (Zhang and Young 1997), the decarboxylation of o-, m-, and p-phthalate under denitrifying conditions (Nozawa and Maruyama 1988), and the metabolism of phenols and anilines by carboxylation. Further illustrative examples include the following ... 

Hence the 30 % that are lost could be on the support and slowly react with 1-hexanol to form HA. However when aniline is reacted there is no significant loss of material, which suggests that aniline cannot interact directly with the surface hydroxyls. This suggests that the interaction between aniline and the support hydroxyls is not as simple as shown above, rather it is more likely that the reaction operates via a spillover mechanism involving an intermediate in the nitrobenzene hydrogenation sequence rather than aniline. The alkylation reaction between aniline and 1-hexanol takes place on the metal function, therefore the reaction with the missing aniline associated with the support will be slow as it requires a reverse spillover and a diffusion across the support surface. 

Iron complexes or microsomal nonheme iron are undoubtedly obligatory components in the microsomal oxidation of many organic compounds mediated by hydroxyl radicals. In 1980, Cohen and Cederbaum [27] suggested that rat liver microsomes oxidized ethanol, methional, 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyric acid, and dimethylsulfoxide via hydrogen atom abstraction by hydroxyl radicals. Then, Ingelman-Sundberg and Ekstrom [28] assumed that the hydroxylation of aniline by reconstituted microsomal cytochrome P-450 system is mediated by hydroxyl radicals formed in the superoxide-driven Fenton reaction. Similar conclusion has been made for the explanation of inhibitory effects of pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole on the microsomal oxidation of ethanol and DMSO [29],... 

It is interesting to note that the reaction of N-salicylideneaniline, which possesses a free phenolic hydroxyl group at the ortho position in the benzylidene portion, with the acylzirconocene chloride gives the a-amino ketone in 67 % yield in the absence of any additive (Scheme 5.16) [23]. Similarly, N-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline reacts with the acylzirconocene chloride to give the a-amino ketone in 58 % yield. The reaction of N-(m-hydroxyben-zylidene)aniline, however, gives the a-amino ketone in just 12 % yield. Neither N-(o-MeO-benzylidenejaniline nor N-(p-MeO-benzylidene)aniline gives an appreciable amount of product in the absence of additive. 

The polymer resulting from oxidation of 3,5-dimethyl aniline with palladium was also studied by transmission electron microscopy (Mallick et al. 2005). As it turned out, the polymer was formed in nanofibers. During oxidative polymerization, palladium ions were reduced and formed palladium metal. The generated metal was uniformly dispersed between the polymer nanofibers as nanoparticles of 2 mm size. So, Mallick et al. (2005) achieved a polymer- metal intimate composite material. This work should be juxtaposed to an observation by Newman and Blanchard (2006) that reaction between 4-aminophenol and hydrogen tetrachloroaurate leads to polyaniline (bearing hydroxyl groups) and metallic gold as nanoparticles. Such metal nanoparticles can well be of importance in the field of sensors, catalysis, and electronics with improved performance. 

This equation is in agreement with the experimentally found dependence of the reaction rate on amine concentration. The decrease of the order of the reaction kinetics with respect to amine concentration in the presence of hydroxyl-containing impurities is partially due to the catalytic mechanism when a hydroxyl-containing compound, whose acidity is far higher than that of amine, acts as a proton donor. It should be stressed that, with the usual technique of reagent purification and cleaning of the reaction vessels, the moisture content in the reaction mixture is still rather high, and the order of the reaction kinetics with respect to aniline concentration considerably differs from two. 

A more recent paper by Cunningham and Schmir242 on the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxybutyranilide XL in neutral and alkaline solution suggests that intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the neighbouring hydroxyl group is followed by bifunctional catalysis by phosphate or bicarbonate buffers of the conversion of the tetrahedral intermediate to products. A quantitative comparison was made between the effects of buffer on the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxybutyranilide and on the hydrolysis of 2-phenyliminotetrahydrofuran, since both reactions proceed via identical intermediates. The mechanism suggested243 states that the cyclisation of the hydroxyanilide ion yields an addition intermediate whose anionic form may either cleave to products or revert to reactant and whose neutral form invariably gives aniline and butyrolactone, viz. 

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