Angular movement

Figure 20. Artificial muscle under work. In reduction (A) electrons are injected into the polymer chains. Positive charges are annihilated. Counter-ions and water molecules are expelled. The polymer shrinks and compaction stress gradients appear at each point of the interface of the two polymers. The free end of the bilayer describes an angular movement toward the left side. (B) Opposite processes and movements occur under oxidation. (Reprinted from T. F. Otero and J. Rodriguez, in Intrinsically Conducting Polymers An Emerging Technology, M. Aldissi, ed., pp. 179-190, Figs. 1,2. Copyright 1993. Reprinted with kind permission of Kluwer Academic Publishers.)...

Figure 21. Angular movement of the fee end of a bilayer during the flow of a cathodic current using the conducting polymer as cathode. A platinum sheet (left side of the picture) is used as anode. The reference electrode is observed at the bottom, a to e Movement during the reduction process e to a Movement under flow of an anodic current. The movement is stopped at any intermediate point (a, b, c, d, or e) by stopping the current flow, and this position is maintained for a long time without polarization.

Angular Movement Described by the Free End of the Bilayer from the Initial Vertical Position when Submitted to a Potential Sweep from 400 mV to -170 mV at 1 mV s 1 in 0.1 M IJCIO4 Aqueous Solution at Ambient Temperature... 

Bi-layer angular movement during current flow, 348, 349, 350 Biological processes, mimicked, 425 Bipolaronic bands as a function of oxidation depth, 342 Bipolar iron-selective film, 226 Bismuth... 

Calculations of displacements and rotations at specific locations may be required where clearance problems are involved. In cases where small-size branch pipes attached to stiffer run pipes are to be calculated separately, the linear and angular movements of the junction point must be calculated or estimated for proper analysis of the branch. 

X-ray goniometers are usually fitted, not only for complete rotation of the crystal, but also for oscillations over limited angular ranges this is usually effected by heart-shaped cams controlling the angular movement. For further details, see Buerger (1942). 

It is evident that the contributions due to angular movements are caused by diffusion forces corresponding to the state of orientation, whereas the radial component is a hydrodynamic contribution. The radial force, as exerted by the flowing solvent, is balanced by the rigidity of the rod and has no consequences for the birefringence of orientation. According to eqs. (5.15), one obtains for rigid dumb-bells ... 

Adjustment of gratings and mirrors. The grating and mirror have adjustments allowing lateral and angular movement which help initially in the optimization of imaging on the channels. However once optimal conditions are set, these adjustments are ordinarily not touched. 

Revolute. In this case the robot s movements are exclusively rotational (Fig. 9.1b). The essential difference from the other three is that, in addition to the rotatory motion of the base, the arm is jointed in the human style and includes a shoulder, an elbow and a wrist, ali of which can perform angular movements. 

The offset (O) needed to accommodate (c) depends on amount of allowable angular movement (0) in the ball joints used. (O) is measured as the distance between ball centerpoints of the joints. 

A helix is characterized by a helical axis, a screw sense (i.e., chirality), and pitch (rate of axially linear to angular movement). Ideally, the axis is a straight hne. and the two kinds of tnotion are circular and linear at a constant distance r from the axis, producing a cylindrical (constant radius), palindromic (constant pitch) helix. A helix may be right-handed (designated P) or left-handed (Af) according to whether the rotation is clockwise or anticlockwise when the helix is considered to wind from the viewer s eye toward a point distant from the viewer. 

The lower guide tubes extend from the elevation of the top head downward through the upper core plenum to the interface point with the plenum blocks. The lower guide tubes have articulating joints which allow limited angular movements in all directions to compensate for core movements and misalignments. 

Figure 3 Each side of gauge bar is separately controlled for angular movement. This is useful for cone bending.

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