Oxidation depth

The electrochemical reaction drives a transition from a solid to a gel.100 The oxidation depth can be limited at any point. The composition of the nonstoichiometric compound is assumed to be uniform whatever... 

Bi-layer angular movement during current flow, 348, 349, 350 Biological processes, mimicked, 425 Bipolaronic bands as a function of oxidation depth, 342 Bipolar iron-selective film, 226 Bismuth... 

Fig. 21—AES depth profiles of the TiN coatings (a and b) and the TiN/Si3N4 coating with optimum Si content of 10.8 at. % and hardness of 47.1 GPa (c and d) annealed at the temperature of 600 or 800°C in ambient atmosphere. The oxidation depth of the coatings is the sputtering depth where the oxygen atomic percentage reaches the minimum level.

Thermodynamically, the oxidation of hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water is preferred to any partial oxidation reaction. The possibility of forming partial oxidation products is thus entirely dependent on the kinetics of the oxidation process. The oxidation of hydrocarbons, is in general, a stepwise process. One way to confine the depth of oxidation, therefore, is to apply a low oxygen to hydrocarbon ratio and a short reaction time. However, to avoid a multitude of products with different oxidation depths, the use of a catalyst is obviously required. In that case, the above two factors (oxygen deficient conditions and short reaction time) may loose their importance. 

Studies of corrosion processes, detailed in Section 4.4.3, have demonstrated the capability of SAW devices to monitor relatively low rates of chemisorption, including the conversion of a thin copper film to CU2S at an initial rate of 4% of one molecular monolayer/day. The use of SAW devices to monitor the real-time desorption of species from a metal film in response to a temperature ramp has been shown to yield information about both the energy and extent of chemisorption [114]. TSM studies of chemisorption of O2 and CO on very thin Ti films were used to determine that the oxide being formed is Ti203 and that the oxidation depth is approximately one nm [137]. For further discussion and additional examples of chemisorption, the reader is referred to Section 5.4.4.3, where these... 

Table I. of Viton Oxidation depth as material irradiated determined by cross-sectional polishing at 70°C, using different dose rates...

For optical determinations of oxidation depth, irradiated samples were cut in cross section, potted in Shell Epon 828 epoxy, and cured overnight at 90°C with a diethanolamine catalyst. (Potting with a... 

Furnace oxidation depths after 1 hour - Source Ref 47... 

Fic. 5 Oxide depth versus time plotted on log-log scale for pure nickel and nickel-alloy coatings exposed in air at 800, 900, and 1000 °C. Source Ref 37... 

Table 26.5 Corrosion characteristics mass gain, thickness of the dense oxide scale, depth of internal oxidation, depth of the carbide-free zone for Haynes 230, Alloy 617 and Hastelloy X specimens exposed to impure helium at 950°C...

Flame plasma is formed when a flammable gas and atmospheric air are combined and combusted to form an intense blue flame (see Figure 3.2). The surface of materials are made polar as species in the flame plasma affect electron distribution and density at the surface. Polar functional groups, such as ether, ester, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, are contained in a flame plasma these are incorporated into the surface and affect the electron density of the polymer material. This polarization and functionalization is made through reactive oxidation of the surface. ESCA analysis shows, for example, that oxidation depth through flame treatment is 5-10 nm. This is generally a smaller depth than corona (air) plasma treatment, where oxidation depth is believed to be more than 10 nm. However, flame plasma treatment s extensive oxidation, due to reactions with OH radicals in the flame, results in a highly wettable surface, which is relatively stable upon aging. 

The oxidation depth is different for both protocols [98]. In the method B, the surface and the subsurface are both oxidized conversely in the method A only the surface of the specimens is degraded. 

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