Andromedotoxin

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Barton Mei Li Cao (whole plant) Arbutin, ursolic acid, homoarbutin, chimaphilin, isohomoarbutin, hyperin, avicularin, kaempferol, renifolin, beta-amyrin, ericolin, andromedotoxin, chinic acid.48 Diuretic, relieve stomach, tooth and after-birth pains, antifungal. 

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drade. Nan Zhu (leaf, fruit) Andromedotoxin, lyoniols.60 This herb is highly toxic. A tonic. 

Rhododendron sinensis Sw. Yang Zhi Zu (Chinese rhododendron) (flower) Andromedotoxin, veratrine alkaloids.49 This herb is toxic. Sedative, analgesic, anesthetic in rheumatism. 

Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) honey has an unpleasant flavor and causes poisoning (general weakness, headache, vomiting, loss of consciousness). There is evidence that the poisoning is due to the presence of alkaloid of andromedotoxin in rhododendron honey. 

Several major types of animals that produce poisonous substances have been considered so far in this chapter. With the exception of birds, all classes of the animal kingdom contain members that produce toxic substances. It has now been demonstrated that there are even birds that are toxic. It is believed that such birds do not produce toxins but accumulate toxic alkaloids, including andromedotoxin, batrachotoxins, and cantheridin, from their diets and deposit these poisonous materials in their skin and feathers.19 Toxic animals not covered so far in this chapter are summarized here. 

Asebotoxins I, II (grayanotoxin-type diterpen Asebotoxins III (grayanotoxin-type diterpen Grayanotoxin I (=Acetylandromedol Andromedotoxin Asebotoxin G-1 Rhodotoxin)... 

Andromedotoxin (Grayanotoxin I) is a diterpene found in all parts of the plant. It opens sodium channels in the myocardium and increases permeability. 

Rhododendron species are far distributed on the Northern hemisphere and in Australia. Poisoning has been observed in humans and in animals, the most important substance responsible being andromedotoxin (=Acetylandromedol) (48, 49). Usually the whole plant is toxic, including pollen and nectar which is... 

Andromedotoxin is synonymous with acetylandromedol, asebotoxin, rhodotoxin,... 

E. G.C. Clarke, D.J. Humphreys and T. King Nachweis von Andromedotoxin, in E.Kaiser (Ed) Tier- und Pflanzengifte, Goldmann, Munchen, 1973. 

Wbod, H.B. etal. 1954. Andromedotoxin Apotent hypotensive agent from Rhododendron sTizsajmsm Journal of the American Chemical Society jC 5689-5692. 

Larvae of certain insects, which feed on Pinaceae, ingest and sequester the lipophilic constituents, e.g., the abietic acid, of these plants and use them to repel predators (E 5.1). Carnosolic acid causes the characteristic bitter taste of Labia-tae. Geranylgeraniol, its acetate, and cembrene A are constituents of the pheromones of bees, ants, and termites, respectively. The andromedotoxins, e.g., acetylandromedol, are toxic compounds widespread in Ericaceae. They increase the constancy in pollination (E 5.5.1). 

D 3.2.1, several families of Angiospermae) and toxic compounds, such as andromedotoxins (D 6.3, Ericaceae), quinolizidine alkaloids (D 18, Sophora microphylla) and arbutin (D 22.2.5, Arbutus unedo) may be present — pollen may contain pigments, such as carotenes (D 6.5) and flavonoids (D 22.3.3), cinnamic acid derivatives (D 22.2) and cell wall constituents such as carbohydrates (D 1.4.1) and sporopollenins (D 6.5). 

Toxic substance from the leaves of Leucothoe gray ana. Cryst. (EtOAc). Mp 197-198°. [ag -41.9°. Substances known as Asebotoxin, Rhodotoxin and Andromedotoxin as well as Grayanotoxin were isolated from various plants before 1960 and mostly consisted of Grayanotoxins or mixtures. 

Certain species of rhododendron contain grayanotoxins (andromedotoxins), which open sodium channels. In the heart this effect can trigger the Bezold-Jarisch reflex and cause bradycardia, heart block, asystole, and hypotension [79 ]. 

Gdssinger H, Hruby K, Pohl A, Davogg S, Sutterliitti G, Mathis G. Poisoning with andromedotoxin-containing honey. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983 108(41) 1555-8. 

Humphreys DJ, Stodulski JB. Detection of andromedotoxins for the diagnosis of Rhododendron poisoning in animals. J Appl Toxicol 1986 6(2) 121-2. 

Archangelsky K 1901 Uber Rhododendrol, Rhododendrin und Andromedotoxin. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 46 313... 

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