And neighboring groups

Cyclization of hydrazone 38 with mercuric oxide and EDTA gave dihy-drotriazine 39 (87AP198). On the other hand, methyl hydrazone 38, under 4-electron withdrawal and neighboring group participation reacts with the same reagent to give lactam 40, a useful precursor for the synthesis of the pyrrolo[2,l-c]triazinium salt 41 by cyclization with perchloric acid (87AP258) (Scheme 12). 

The first section, Chemical Reactions on Polymers, deals with aspects of chemical reactions occurring on polymers—aspects relating to polymer size, shape, and composition are described in detail. One of the timely fields of applications comprises the use of modified polymers as catalysts (such as the immobilization of centers for homogeneous catalysis). This topic is considered in detail in Chapters 2, 3, 8, 9, and 11 and dealt with to a lesser extent in other chapters. The use of models and neighboring group effect(s) is described in detail. The modification of polymers for chemical and physical change is also described in detail in Chapters 2 (polystyrene) 4 (polyvinyl chloride) 5 (polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine, and polyacrylamide) 6 (polyimides) 7 (polyvinyl alcohol) 8 (polystyrene sulfonate and polyvinylphosphonate) 10 (polyacrylamide) and 12 (organotin carboxylates). 

If microstates lead to the existence of a distribution of energies of interaction between aromatic groups and neighboring groups of atoms, then the individual spectra of these groups in different microstates shift differently, which results in an inhomogeneous contour of the absorption band. The application of selective photoexcitation permits specific effects of the distribution of microstates on spectral, temporal, and polarization fluorescence properties to be observed. 221 Such effects have been observed in studies of proteins, 1,8) and, as we show below, they may be used to obtain important information on dynamics. 

Configurational relationships and neighboring-group effects are undoubtedly of primary importance in modifying the behavior of carbohydrates. In this connection certain types of reactions, which are reasonably well established, are described in this section because they are of importance for the explanation of the selective reactions of carbohydrate hydroxyl groups. 

In Section II, devoted to intermolecular processes, it appeared that most of the quantitative analysis of steric effects was made using a single parameter approach. However, analysis has shown that a correct description of the size of a substituent rests on its preferred conformational states, which are related to the interactions with both the planar heteroaromatic ring to which it is bonded and neighboring groups. This was the topic of Section III. 

The synthesis of AG or LAM arabinan is complicated by the presence of -linked arabinofu-ranosyl moieties. The beta-linkage is difficult to construct because the substituents at Cl and C2 are cis. Sterics favor formation of the frawi -glycoside, and neighboring group participa-... 

Rearrangements and neighboring group effects intramolecular nudeopldlic attack... 

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