Carcerands, and

Tunstad LM et al (1989) Host-guest complexation 48. Octol building blocks for cavitands and carcerands. J Org Chem 54 1305-1312... 

Polyoxa macrocycles, known more commonly as the crown ethers, comprise an extensive area of research, with a repertoire of types and variations. Some of these macrocycles have been utilized predominantly for purposes other than metal ion complexation, and these will not be discussed in depth in this review. Included in this latter category are the polycarbonyls, polylactones,polylactams and carcerands. " ... 

The basicity of cesium carbonate is strong enough to deprotonate tosyl amides [38]. Although lithium, calcium, and rubidium carbonates have also been examined for use of the same reaction for cyclization of ditosyl amide, they do not work efficiently compared with cesium carbonate (Scheme 2.23). Cesium carbonate is also important base for the preparation of calix[4]arenes and carcerands [39]. 

The preceding molecular baskets belong broadly to two classic classes of macrocycles namely the calixarenes and cycloveratrylenes. There are several other macrocycles with the potential to bind guests in an aromatic-rich cavity that are worthy of discussion. Of the vast amount of work that emanated from the Cram group, the rigid spherands and carcerands stand out. In addition there are the cyclophanes and Baeyer s early contribution to macrocyclic chemistry, resorcinar-enes and calixpyrroles. 

Inclusion complexation has developed to becoming another widely exploited supramolecular interaction for the formation of supramolecular polymer networks, mostly in water [197, 198]. Several classes of macrocycles have been developed, including crown ethers [199, 200], porphyrins [201, 202], cyclophanes [203], catenanes [204], cavitands [205, 206], cryptophanes [207], calix[n]arenes [208], and carcerands [209]. Macrocyclic-based supramolecular gels can either be formed from low molecular weight precursors or from macromolecular building blocks. The following discussion focuses on the latter. 

These early examples of supramolecular chemistry—crown ethers, cryptands, and carcerands—are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to supramolecular chemistry past and present. However, these three examples provide a good basis for understanding the general concept of supramolecular chemistry, supramolecular interactions, and how supramolecular chemistry can be used to discover new science. The three examples also have one other very important feature in common, which is that Pedersen, Lehn, and Cram shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on these molecules. Specifically, the Nobel committee awarded the prize to these three scientists for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity. ... 

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