Analysis in Biological Materials

The analytical techniques employed for the determination of Li+ in biology have been reviewed in detail [22]. Since Li+ has no convenient 

As discussed above, Li+ can be isolated from a solution containing other cations by complexation with specific macrocyclic ligands and subsequent extraction of the Li+-ligand complex into organic solvents. Complexation of the ligand alters the absorption profile in the UV-vis region and can therefore be followed spectrophotometrically. 

Probably the most accessible techniques employed for Li+ analyses are AAS and FES [26]. Although both of these methods are destructive to the sample and are subject to significant interference effects, the methods have been developed and used successfully for many years. Li+ levels in solution, in body fluids, and in solubilized tissues have been determined, making a significant contribution to the understanding of Li+ distribution in the body, and of the membrane transport of Li+ in various systems. 

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Enzymes play an important role in biochemical analysis. In biological material—e. g in body fluids—even tiny quantities of an enzyme can be detected by measuring its catalytic activity. However, enzymes are also used as reagents to determine the concentrations of metabolites—e.g., the blood glucose level (C). Most enzymatic analysis procedures use the method of spectrophotometry (A). 

S. Slaets, F. Adams, I. R. Pereiro, R. Lobinski, Optimization of the coupling of multicapillary GC with ICP-MS for mercury speciation analysis in biological materials, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 14 (1999), 851D857. 

Col chici ne,demecolcine,N-des-acetylcolchicine,3-demethyl-colchicine,2-demethyl col chi-cine, 1-demethyl col chi cine Analysis in biological material (Fig.13.1) yBondapak C18 300x4 ACN-MeOH-phosphate buffer(pH 6.0) (16 5 79) 7... 

Ellipticine,9-hydroxy-el-1iptine,11-demethyl el 1ip-ticine Analysis in biological material... 

Schaller KH, Weltle D and Angerer J (2000) Analytical validity of the determination of mercury in whole blood and urine - Results of the German external assurance programme for toxicological analysis in biological materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366 449-452. 

Tolg G (1984) Selenium-analysis in biological materials. Trace Element Analytical Chemistry in Biology and Medicine 3 95-125. 

Ehman, W.D., Hossain, T.I.M., Goodin, D.T. and Markesbery, W.B. (1983). Neutron activation analysis for aluminium in brain tissue. In Aluminium Analysis in Biological Materials, Savory, J. and Wills, MR, eds. University of Virginia Press, Virginia. 

Lidums, V. and Ulfvarson, U. (1968) Mercury analysis in biological material by direct combustion in oxygen and photometric determination of the mercury vapour. Acta Chem. Scand., 22, 2150-2156. 

Stuart, D.C. (1978a) Trace mercury analysis in biological material use of 203Hg-labelled methylmercury chloride for in vivo labelling of fish to study the efficacy of various wet ashing procedures. Anal. Chim. Acta, 96,83-88. 

Stoeppler, M. (1984). Recent improvements for nickel analysis in biological materials. In BrStter, P. and Schramel, P. (Editors), Trace Element - Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology. Vol. 3, p. 539-557, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 

The initial attempts to develop a quantitative assay for sialic acids were colorimetric. The majority of these early methods were unsuitable because of their lack of specificity and/or sensitivity required for sialic acid analysis in biological materials or for enzymic assays. Some of these methods included diphenylamine (Ayala et al. 1951), tryptophane/perchloric acid (Seibert et al. 1948), sulphuric acid/acetic acid (Hess et al. 1957), hydrochloric acid (Folch et al. 1951) and the Ehrlich reagent, dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde (Werner and Odin 1952). 

Table 1 Analytical procedures using ICP for cadmium analysis in biological materials.

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