Amphetamine-like drugs

Thus, amphetamine-like drugs may promote wakefulness primarily by increasing dopaminergic tone. Accordingly, it has been found that intracerebroventric-ular infusion of D-l and D-2 receptor agonists in sleeping rats induces a dose-dependent increase in time awake (Benerjee et al. 2004). 

Anorectic A drug that reduces appetite and, thus, is sometimes used in the treatment of obesity. Many are amphetamines or amphetamine-like drugs (e.g., fenfluramine). 

Ephedrine An amphetamine-like drug used as a nasal decongestant. 

Fenfluramine An amphetamine-like drug that stimulates the release of serotonin from neurons. 

Khat (Qat) The Horn of Africa plant Catha edulis containing the amphetamine-like drugs, cathine and cathinone (norpseudoephedrine). 

Although this susceptibility to antagonism by amphetamine-like drugs is... 

They have also sometimes been found useful for the treatment of ADHD, a condition that interferes with the learning ability of affected individuals. Millions of children have been diagnosed as having ADHD. Many of those children and increasing numbers of adults are treated with amphetamine-like drugs such as Ritalin and Cylert. The generic name for those amphetamine-like drugs is methylphenidate. Some children with ADHD do not respond to the various forms of methylphenidate and are placed on amphetamines instead. 

The main difference between cocaine and the amphetamine-like drugs lies in its shorter duration of action, the half-life for cocaine being about 50 minutes while that of amphetamine is 10 hours. 

G. P. Cartoni, M. Lederer, and F. Polidori, Some chromatographic and electrophoretic data for amphetamine-like drugs, J. Chromatogr., 77 370(1972). 

The conflict between the BGA and Eli Lilly went on for many years. On February 6, 1991, Hans Weber, representing Eli Lilly in Germany, wrote to Ray Fuller at Eli Lilly. He described a meeting held between Eli Lilly representatives and the BGA. Weber (as cited in Breggin, 1994) stated, The question was raised whether fluoxetine could be an amphetamine-like drug, which may explain its stimulating and anorectic effects (p. 3154). 

Amineptine increases the release and reduces the reuptake of dopamine, and it is therefore not surprising that an amphetamine-like drug dependence has been reported (3-5). A withdrawal syndrome occurs and can be improved by clonidine (SEDA-16, 8). 

Amfebutamone is an amphetamine-like drug. It is structurally and pharmacologically distinct from other antidepressants, and apparently enhances both dopamine and noradrenaline function in the brain (SEDA-8, 18) (SEDA-10, 20). 

Acidification may be used for severe, acute amphetamine, dexfenfluramine or phencyclidine poisoning. The objective is to maintain a urine pH of 5.5-65 by giving i.v. infusion of arginine hydrochloride (10 g) over 30 min, followed by ammonium chloride (4 g) 2-hourly by mouth. It is rarely necessary. Phenoxybenzamine should be adequate for amphetamine-like drugs (a-adrenoceptor block). 

Many central nervous system (CNS) stimulants also have appetite-suppressant effects that led to their use in treating obesity. In short-term studies, amphetamine-like drugs have been shown to be more effective than placebo in promoting weight loss. Long-term (>20 weeks) weight loss has not been shown, however, unless the drug is taken continuously (l)At one time, stimulants were widely... 

Amphetamine-like drugs Bizarre behavior, hallucinations. ... 

Mania, delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, aggressive behavior, schizophrenic relapse, depression, anxiety See Antidepressants, tricyclic See Benzodiazepines See Amphetamine-like drugs Nightmares, confusion, paranoia, depression, visual hallucinations Depression, suicidal thoughts Hallucinations, paranoia, panic, depression... 

Figure 3.2 W/zy re CNS stimulants prescribed to hyperkinetic children "Stimulant" is perhaps a misnomer for the actions of amphetamine-like drugs. Although the drugs were first characterized with regard for their ability to stimulate CNS functions, the effects of these drugs are actually very complex. In animal studies, amphetamines accelerate behavior which is slow in the absence of drug and suppress rapid behavior patterns. It has been hypothesized that the sedative effects of amphetamines in hyperkinetic children are due to inhibition of "fast-rate" behavior, and that amphetamine-induced acceleration of "slow-rate" behavior in children with attention deficit disorder may account for improved learning and memory skills.

See amphetamine-like drugs provided in the Appendix. Detailed tables show doses, recommendations, expectations, side effects, contraindications, and more available on the book s Web site (see URL in Appendix). 

Instinctive mouse-killing behaviour (muricide) in rats is blocked by tricyclic antidepressants, some antihistamines and amphetamine-like drugs [24]. This effect has been attributed to a selective inhibitory action on the amygdaloid area of the brain [25], an area which is involved in predatory behaviour. As this test method is not selective for antidepressants, all claims in favour of involvements of the amygdala in depression remain speculative. 

The major central nervous system effects of amphetamine and amphetamine-like drugs are locomotor stimulation, euphoria and excitement, stereotyped behavior, and anorexia. Show how each drug can be synthesized by reductive amination of an appropriate aldehyde or ketone and amine. For the structural formulas of several more anorexics, see Problems 23.64 and 23.65. 

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