Amperometric biosensors, phenol determination

Gutes, A., Cespedes, F., Alegret, S., and del Valle, M. (2005). Determination of phenolic compounds by a polyphenol oxidase amperometric biosensor and artificial neural network analysis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20(8), 1668-1673. 

Uchiyama et al. [36] used cucumber juice (source of ascorbate oxidase) for the first time as carrier in a flow injection system for the determination of L-ascorbic acid. In another work, the same researchers used banana pulp and spinach leaf solution as a source of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in a flow injection system for the determination of polyphenols [37]. However, the first biosensor based on vegetable crude extract (homogenate) was constructed by Signori and Fatibello-Filho [38]. In this study, an amperometric biosensor for the determination of phenols was proposed using a crude extract of yam (Alocasia macrohiza)... 

I.C. Vieira and O. Fatibello-Filho, Amperometric biosensor for the determination of phenols using a crude extract of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam), Anal. Lett., 30 (1997) 895-907. 

Kulys, J. Vidziunaite, R., Amperometric biosensors based on recombinant laccases for phenols determination, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 319-325... 

Rawal R, Chawla S, Devender CS, Pundir CS (2012) An amperometric biosensor based on laccase immobilized onto Fe304NPs/cMWCNT/PANI/Au electrode for determination of phenolic content in tea leaves extract. Enzyme Microb Technol 51(4) 179-185... 

Trojanowicz M, Jagielska A, Rotkiewicz P, Kierzek A (1999) Flow injection determination of phenols with tyrosinase amperometric biosensor and data processing by a neural network. Chem Anal Warsaw 44 865-878... 

The tissue-based amperometric electrodes for the determination of catechol [13,14], dopamine [15] and phenol [16] shown in Table 17.2 operate on the same principle as the biosensor for L-ascorbic acid [11],... 

Schanel [295] prepared another biosensor for rapid determination of phenol concentration using thin slices from the fruit bodies of the fungus Agaricus bisporus and showed its function to be comparable with a biosensor based on a polyphenoloxidase. They tested slices from the fruit-bodies of some other wood-rotting fungi and found them unsuitable for the amperometric assay of phenols. 

This idea of coupling the two laccase and tyrosinase enzymes has been repeatedly used in the literature by different authors. For example, a tyrosinase/laccase bienzyme biosensor for amperometric determination of phenolic compounds was constructed by immobilizing enzymes in titania gel matrix. The obtained biosensor could be used for determination of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-tertbutylcatechol,... 

Kochana J, Nowak P, Jarosz-Wilkolazka A, Bieron M (2008) Tyrosinase/laccase bienzyme biosensor for amperometric determination of phenolic compounds. Microchem J 89 (2) 171-174... 

Increased selectivity and prevention of passivation of the BDD surface may be also achieved by its modification. An enzyme-based amperometric sensor was proposed for detection of phenolic compounds by Notsu et al. BDD was anod-ically polarized for the introduction of hydroxyl groups onto its surface, then treated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and finally coated with a tyrosinase film cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Tyrosinase catalyzes oxidadmi of phenol and various phenol derivatives to o-benzoquinone derivatives via catechol derivatives and thus the quinones generated are ready to be reduced electrochemically at an appropriate potential and obtained reduction currents serve as good analytical signals for the determination of the phenol derivatives. Bisphenol A and 17-/ -estradiol were detected at —0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl with the detection limit of 1 pmol in FIA. However, the biosensor retained its activity only for a few days due to weak bonding of APTES to BDD surface. 

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