Ammonium nitrate production chemistry

Microwave chemistry has been found to be a useful method for accelerating reactions or catalyzing reactions that are difficult to carry out by other methods. A modification of the Hantzsch method to directly obtain pyridines has been communicated. A dry medium using ammonium nitrate bentonitic clay system with microwave irradiation affords pyridines 96 in a single pot within 5 minutes. When the pyridine is not the major product (> 75% yield), the dealkylated pyridine 97 becomes an... 

The chemistry of l,5-dinitroendomethylene-l,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (239) (DPT) is interesting in the context of the nitramine products which can be obtained from its nitrolysis under different reaction conditions. The nitrolysis of DPT (239) with acetic anhydride-nitric acid mixtures in the presence of ammonium nitrate is an important route to HMX (4) and this has been discussed in Section 5.15.2. The nitrolysis of DPT (239) in the absence of ammonium nitrate leads to the formation of l,9-diacetoxy-2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazanonane (248) the latter has found use in the synthesis of energetic polymers. 

The primary sources that are responsible for the presence of this family of compounds in the atmosphere emit NH3, N20, and NO to the troposphere, the lowest level of the atmosphere, which extends to approximately 10 km from the earth s surface. NH3 seems to undergo very little chemistry in the atmosphere except for the formation of aerosols, including ammonium nitrate and sulfates. NH3 and the aerosols are highly soluble and are thus rapidly removed by precipitation and deposition to surfaces. N20 is unreactive in the troposphere. On a time scale of decades it is transported to the stratosphere, the next higher atmospheric layer, which extends to about 50 km. Here N20 either is photodissociated or reacts with excited oxygen atoms, O (lD). The final products from these processes are primarily unreactive N2 and 02, but about 10% NO is also produced. The product NO is the principal source of reactive oxidized nitrogen species in the stratosphere. 

Saeman, W.C., McCamy, I.W. and Houston, E.C. (1952) Production of ammonium nitrate by continuous vacuum crystallization. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 44, 1912-1915. 

Andrews SPS. (1977) Modem processes for the production of ammonia, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate. In Thompson R, editor. The modem inorganic chemicals industry the proceedings of a symposium organised by the Inorganic Chemicals Group of the Industrial Division of the Chemical Society, London, UK, March 31-April 1, 1977 (Vol. 31). Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK, p 201-231. 

This acylation strategy was used to prepare pol5mier-supported chromium carbenes. Microwave irradiation on Wang resin shows the same regioselectivity as solution chemistry but fewer side products. The resin-bound phenol 21 is simultaneously released and oxidized to the benzoquinone 22 with ceric ammonium nitrate. Microwave irradiation has been shown to accelerate the DBR and provide high yields of benzannulated products in short reaction times (ca. 5 min). ... 

This is a product of utmost importance, the starting point of nitrogen chemistry for products such as nitric acid, fertilisers (luea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate), amides, amines and nitriles. The annual world production is approximately 100 million tons, ranking it in fifth place among the chemical products. Ammonia is a gas that is easy to liquefy at ordinary temperatures (boiling point... 

We have been investigating an iodination method using iodine-copper(II) acetate and iodine-ammonium cerium(lV) nitrate (CAN) to synthesize iodoletones. These iodoketones are more active than chloro- and bromoketones, and it was found that they are unstable and sensitive to Hght. From the viewpoint of green chemistry, we have tried to transform these iodo compounds into useful products by photochemical methods. 

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