Ammoniator, continuous

Yates, L. D., Nielson, F. T., and Hicks, G. C., TVA Continuous Ammoniator for Superphosphates and Fertilizer Mixtures, Part I and Part II of Farm Chemicals (August 1954). 

Summary TATB is easily prepared by ammoniating trichlorotrinitrobenzene in benzene solvent. The product TATB immediately precipitates upon the addition of the ammonia gas, and continues through out the ammonia addition. After the addition is complete, the product is then filtered-off, washed and dried. Commercial Industrial note For related, or similar information, see Serial No. 813,039, May 13th, 1959, by The United States Navy, to Lloyd A. Kaplan, Adelphi, MD, and Francis Taylor, Jr., Baltimore MD. Part or parts of this laboratory process may be protected by international, and/or commercial/industrial processes. Before using this process to legally manufacture the mentioned explosive, with intent to sell, consult any protected commercial or industrial processes related to, similar to, or additional to, the process discussed in this procedure. This process may be used to legally prepare the mentioned explosive for laboratory, educational, or research purposes. 

The first application of a drum granulator for fertilizer agglomeration was reported to have taken place in 1935 in Baltimore, Md., USA. 9 Great advances were made in the 1950s when the continuous ammoniator , in which both a chemical finishing process and granulation occur, was introduced by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the USA. ... 

It is interesting that the greater stability of the ammoniated electron makes its observation easier in continuous radiolysis than that of the hydrated electron. The ESR spectrum of dilute solutions shows a single, narrow line. The g factor is 2.0012 which is close to the free electron value and indicates only a weak interaction between electron and solvent [84]. 

Fifty grams (0.28 mol) of solid pyrophosphoric acid is dissolved, with stirring, in 2 1. of 95% ethanol maintained at 5° in a 3-1. beaker, A small quantity of decolorizing charcoal is added and the solution is filtered by suction into another 3-1. beaker which is kept in a salt-ice-water bath. The pyrophosphoric acid solution is agitated vigorously while ammonia is bubbled through a gas inlet tube of 1 cm. i.d. into the solution. The ammonia is added at a rate such that the temperature of the solution does not rise above 10°. Almost immediately, diammonium dihydrogen pyrophosphate precipitates from solution however, continued ammoniation converts this substance to the tetraammonium salt. 

No teratogenic effects were observed in mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits administered the compound ammoniated glycyrrhizin at doses up to 1000 mg/kg daily starting on the sixth day of gestation (continuing for 10, 10, 5, or 13 days, respectively) (FDRL 1971). 

Spray-Tower Ammoniation - Substantial tonnages of ammonium sulfate have been made for many years in Japan in spray towers from the chamber or contact type of sulfuric acid and anhydrous ammonia. The acid is sprayed into ammonia vapor inside the tower, and the heat of reaction produces a dry, amorphous product primarily less than 300 mesh, which is continuously removed from the base of the tower by a screw conveyer. This form of ammonium sulfate is particularly suitable for use in granular compound fertilizers. 

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