Amino polymers poly

Figure 4 compares cyclic voltammograms for a redox polymer (poly-[Fe(5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)3]3+/2+)91 and p-doping and undoping of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole).92 The voltammogram for the redox... 

Figure 4. (A) Cyclic voltammograms over a range of scan rates for a redox polymer (poly-[Fe 5-amino-1,10-phenanthrotme)3]3+/>)91 and (B) p-doping and undoping of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) (B). [(A) Reprinted from X. Ren and P. O. Pickup, Strong dependence of the election hopping rate in poly-tris(5-amino-1,10-phenan-throline)iron(HI/II) on the nature of the counter-anion J. Electroanal. Chem. 365, 289-292,1994, with kind permission from Elsevier Sciences S.A.]...

Enzymes are generally classified into six groups. Table 1 shows typical polymers produced with catalysis by respective enzymes. The target macromolecules for the enzymatic polymerization have been polysaccharides, poly(amino acid)s, polyesters, polycarbonates, phenolic polymers, poly(aniline)s, vinyl polymers, etc. In the standpoint of potential industrial applications, this chapter deals with recent topics on enzymatic synthesis of polyesters and phenolic polymers by using enzymes as catalyst. 

Synthetic Polymers. Synthetic polymers are versatile and offer promise for both targeting and extracellular-intracellular drug delivery. Of the many soluble synthetic polymers known, the poly(amino acids) [poly(L-lysine), poly(L-aspartic acid), and poly(glutamic acid)], poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) copolymers (polyHPMA), and maleic anhydride copolymers have been investigated extensively, particularly in the treatment of cancers. A brief discussion of these materials is presented. 

Many polymers have been studied for their usefulness in producing pharmacologically active complexes with proteins or drugs. Synthetic and natural polymers such as polysaccharides, poly(L-lysine) and other poly(amino acids), poly(vinyl alcohols), polyvinylpyrrolidinones, poly(acrylic acid) derivatives, various polyurethanes, and polyphosphazenes have been coupled to with a diversity of substances to explore their properties (Duncan and Kopecek, 1984 Braatz et al., 1993). Copolymer preparations of two monomers also have been tried (Nathan et al., 1993). 

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a new zwitterionic water-soluble thiosulfate polymer (Poly[7-(amino -thiosulfate) etheij-PATE) via chemical reaction of a diglicydyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with aminoethane thiosulfuric acid (AETSA) as a reactive... 

Diverse synthetic polymers (poly-amino acids, etc.) ca. 1 m2/mg... 

The free amino groups of a polymer, poly-p-aminostyrene for instance quaternized with methyl iodide are also capable of binding heparin 81). 

Abbreviations y x AFM AIBN BuMA Ca DCP DMA DMS DSC EGDMA EMA EPDM FT-IR HDPE HTV IPN LDPE LLDPE MA MAA MDI MMA PA PAC PB PBT PBuMA PDMS PDMS-NH2 interfacial tension viscosity ratio atomic force microscopy 2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile) butyl methacrylate capillary number dicumyl peroxide dynamic mechanical analysis dynamic mechanical spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethyl methacrylate ethylene-propylene-diene rubber Fourier transform-infra-red high density polyethylene high temperature vulcanization interpenetrating polymer network low density polyethylene linear low density polyethylene maleic anhydride methacrylic acid 4,4 -diphenylmethanediisocyanate methyl methacrylate poly( amide) poly( acrylate) poly(butadiene) poly(butylene terephtalate) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(dimethylsiloxane) amino-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)... 

For synthesis of one lead polymer, poly(5-amino-1 -pcntanol-co-1,4-butancdiol diacrylate) (referred to as C32), 5-amino-l-pentanol (Aldrich) and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (Scientific Polymer Products, Inc.) are required. Additional amine and diacrylate monomers can be purchased and used following the same protocol to create structurally diverse polymers that are useful for gene delivery. These monomers can be purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA), Scientific Polymer Products, Inc. (Ontario, NY, USA), TCI (Portland, OR, USA), Pfaltz Bauer (Waterbury, CT, USA), Matrix Scientific (Columbia, SC, USA), and Dajac Monomer-Polymer (Feasterville, PA, USA). 

Eisenberg and coworkers have employed acid-base interactions to improve the miscibility of a number of polymer-polymer pairs. Miscible blends were prepared using acid-base interactions, e.g., with SPS (acid derivative) and poly (ethylacrylate-co-4-vinylpyrldine) (91), sulfonated polyisoprene and poly (styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (92), and using ion-dipole interactions, e.g., poly (styrene-co-llthium methacrylate) and poly (ethylene oxide) (93). Similarly, Weiss et al. (94) prepared miscible blends of SPS(acid) and amino-terminated poly (alkylene oxide). In addition to miscibility improvements, the interactions between two functionalized polymers offers the possibility for achieving unique molecular architecture with a polymer blend. Sen and Weiss describe the preparation of graft-copolymers by transition metal complexation of two functionalized polymers in another chapter. 

Encapsulation and delivery of DNA has also been investigated with poly(amino acid) (poly(AA)) based polymer vesicles. Brown and coworkers synthesized an amphiphilic triblock copolymer from methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), hydrophobic palmitic acid chains in block segments along a poly-L-lysine (PLL) or... 

Several polymers were synthesized to initiate the development of this concept (30). In one case (single amino acid), poly(palmitoyl-hydroxypro-line [(Pal-Hpr)-ester] was obtained by melt transesterification of Af-Pal-Hpr-Me in the presence of aluminum isopropoxide as catalyst. In a second case (dipeptide), the tyrosine (Tyr) dipeptide carbobenzyoxy-Tyr-Tyr-Hex was cyanylated at the tyrosine side chain hydroxyl groups, to yield car-bobenzoxy-Tyr-Tyr-Hex-dicyanate. By solution polymerization of equimolar quantities of carbobenzoxy-Tyr-Tyr-Hex and carbobenzoxy-Tyr-Tyr-Hex-dicyanate in tetrahydrofuran, poly(carbobenzoxy-Tyr-Tyr-Hex-iminocarbonate) (polyCTTH) was obtained with Mn = 11,500 and Mw = 19,500. 

Subsequent hydrolysis of the formamide groups resulted in the amino-functionalized poly(ethylenimine) as depicted in Scheme 8.23. A final example of a functional poly(aziridine) is based on the polymerization of the bicyclic l-aza-[l,3,0]-bicyclohexane monomer resulting in a chiral polymer with a cyclic tertiary amine in the backbone (Scheme 8.23) [139, 140]. 

The reactions of composite 1 with secondary polymer of amino-terminated poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene were carried out in acetone or tetrahydrofuran under refluxing for 24 h. The amount of the binding polymer decreased with increasing of the molecular weight, as shown in Table 17.1. 

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