Amino acid residues control

Vaidyanathan W, Yoshino K, Jahnz M, et al. 1999 Proteolysis of SNAP-25 isoforms by botulinum neurotoxin types A, C, and E Domains and amino acid residues controlling the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and deav Age. Journal of Neurochemistry 72(1) 327-337. 

Ashani Y, RadicZ, Tsigelny letal.( 995). Amino acid residues controlling reactivation of organophos-phonyl conjugates of acetylcholinesterase by mono- and bisquaternary oximes../ Biol Chem, 270, 6370-6380. 

B. P., and Taylor, R, Amino acid residues controlling reactivation of organophosphonyl conjugates of acetylchohnesterase by mono- and bisquatemary oximes, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 6370, 1995. 

Vellom, D. C., Radic. 7... 1 j, Y., Pickering. N, A., Camp, S and Taylor, P. (1993). Amino acid residues controlling acetyl-cholinesierasc aivd butyrylcholinesterase specificity. Biochemistry 32,12-17. 

Shichida, Y. and Imai, H., Amino acid residues controlling the properties and functions of rod and cone visual pigments, in Rhodopsins and Phototransduction, Vol. 224, Novartis Foundation Symposium, 1999, p. 142. 

Factors controlling calcium homeostasis are calcitonin, parathyroid hormone(PTH), and a vitamin D metabolite. Calcitonin, a polypeptide of 32 amino acid residues, mol wt - SGOO, is synthesized by the thyroid gland. Release is stimulated by small increases in blood Ca " concentration. The sites of action of calcitonin are the bones and kidneys. Calcitonin increases bone calcification, thereby inhibiting resorption. In the kidney, it inhibits Ca " reabsorption and increases Ca " excretion in urine. Calcitonin operates via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mechanism. 

Protein (Section 26.4) A large peptide containing 50 or more amino acid residues. Proteins serve both as structural materials and as enzymes that control an organism s chemistry. 

In the synthesis of polypeptides with biological activity on a crosslinked polymer support as pioneered by Merrifield (1 2) a strict control of the amino acid sequence requires that each of the consecutive reactions should go virtually to completion. Thus, for the preparation of a polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues, even an average conversion of 99% would contaminate the product with an unacceptable amount of "defect chains". Yet, it has been observed (13) that with a large excess of an amino acid reagent —Tn the solution reacting with a polymer-bound polypeptide, the reaction kinetics deviate significantly from the expected exponential approach to quantitative conversion, indicating that the reactive sites on the polymer are not equally reactive. 

N-terminal sequencing of the first 20-30 amino acid residues of the protein product has become a popular quality control test for finished biopharmaceutical products. The technique is useful, as it ... 

An extensive variety of neuromuscular diseases have been uncovered as congenital conditions involving not only the nAChR and AChE but also proteins that control their expression and synaptic localization. These are discussed in Ch. 43. Study of the underlying genotype or sequence differences has also proved helpful in unraveling the involvement of various amino acid residue determinants in function [41]. 

Cao, Y., Li, M., Mager, S., and Lester, H. A. (1998) Amino acid residues that control pH modulation of transport-associated current in mammalian serotonin transporters. J. Neu-... 

In contrast to Gram-negatives, many Gram-positive bacteria employ post-translationally modified peptides processed from larger precursors as QS signal molecules. In Staphylococcus aureus, for example, a family of peptide (7-9 amino acid residues) thiolactones which vary in the primary amino acid sequence but contain a conserved cysteine at position 5 control the expression of cell wall colonization factors and exotoxins [24-26]. 

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