Amides, amino acid structure

Describe the general structures of amines, amides, amino acids, and proteins. 

Keywords Amide Amino-acid Backbone-side chain interactions Conformation-selective IR spectroscopy Gas phase laser spectroscopy Hydrates Secondary structures Supersonic expansion... 

Some other catalysts based on primary amino acid structures, such as 3-amino acids, dipeptides, and primary amine-amides/sulfonamides (19-22), have also been applied to asymmetric synthesis. 

In, Y, M. Fujii, Y. Sasada, and T. Ishida. 2001. Structural studies on C-amidated amino acids and peptides Structures of hydrochloride salts of C-amidated He, Val, Thr, Ser, Met, Trp, Gin and Arg, and comparison with their C-unamidated counterparts. Acta. Crystallogr. B 57 72-81. 

Peptide (Section 27 7) Structurally a molecule composed of two or more a ammo acids joined by peptide bonds Peptide bond (Section 27 7) An amide bond between the car boxyl group of one a amino acid and the ammo group of another... 

Bell and Hall have incorporated an organometallic unit into a crown by using the ferrocenyl unit as part of the ring or as a third strand. The unit is incorporated either as the 1,1 -diformylferrocene or the corresponding acid. In the former case, the bis-imine is prepared and reduced to give the saturated crown (see structure 24). In the latter case, the acid is converted into its corresponding chloride and thence into the diamide by reaction with a diamine. Diborane reduction affords the saturated amino-crown. Structure 24 could be prepared by either of these methods but the dialdehyde approach was reported to be poor compared to the amide approach which afforded the product in ca. 60% yield . 

Fig. 7-6). Two unichiral amides which have been known capable of this reaction are 1-phenylethylamine [15] and l-(l-naphthyl)ethylamine [16]. Marfey s reagent [N-a-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-alaninamide] was introduced as a reagent to deriva-tize amino acids with cyclopentane, tetrahydroisoquinoline or tetraline structures [17]. Simple chiral alcohols such as 2-octanol can also be used to derivatize acids such as 2-chloro-3-phenylmethoxypropionic acid [18]. 

In Section 18-6.3 the composition of proteins was given. They are large, amide-linked polymers of amino acids. However, the long chain formula (Figure 18-14, p. 348) does not represent all that is known about the structure of proteins. It shows the covalent structure properly but does not indicate the relative positions of the atoms in space. 

Calcium-binding proteins, 6, 564, 572, 596 intestinal, 6, 576 structure, 6, 573 Calcium carbonate calcium deposition as, 6, 597 Calcium complexes acetylacetone, 2, 372 amides, 2,164 amino acids, 3, 33 arsine oxides, 3, 9 biology, 6, 549 bipyridyl, 3, 13 crown ethers, 3, 39 dimethylphthalate, 3, 16 enzyme stabilization, 6, 549 hydrates, 3, 7 ionophores, 3, 66 malonic acid, 2, 444 peptides, 3, 33 phosphines, 3, 9 phthalocyanines, 2,863 porphyrins, 2, 820 proteins, 2, 770 pyridine oxide, 3,9 Schiff bases, 3, 29 urea, 3, 9... 

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