Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome

The answer is b. (Katzung, pp 504-505.) Amoxapine is a heterocyclic antidepressant that has effects on norepinephrine and serotonin uptake. It is useful in psychotic patients who are depressed. The dopaminergic antagonism caused by amoxapine may lead to the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. 

Hyperprolactinemia in women results in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome and infertility in men, loss of libido, impotence, and infertility may result. Hyperprolactinemia may cause osteoporosis, particularly in women. If dose reduction is not indicated, or ineffective in controlling this pattern, switching to one of the atypicals that do not raise prolactin levels, eg, aripiprazole, may be indicated. 

Amoxapine is a metabolite of the antipsychotic drug loxapine and retains some of its antipsychotic action and dopamine receptor antagonism. A combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic actions might make it a suitable drug for depression in psychotic patients. However, the dopamine antagonism may cause akathisia, parkinsonism, amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, and perhaps tardive dyskinesia. 

Proiactinoma A tumor of the anterior pituitary that produces iarge amounts of prolactin and leads to the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome... 

Endocrine and metabolic effects Endocrine and metabolic effects include hyperprolactinemia, weight gain, gynecomastia, the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, and infertility. These effects are predictable manifestations of dopamine receptor blockade in the pituitary dopamine is the normal inhibitory regulator of prolactin secretion. 

The amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome Phencyclidine intoxication Schizoaffective disorders Tourette s syndrome... 

As many as 25% of infertile women have hyperprolactinemia. In women, hyperprolactinemia causes galactorrhea, oligomenorrhea, or amenorrhea as well as infenility (the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome). While prolactin-secreting tumors are the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia, the condition can also be precipitated by treatment with dmgs that interfere with the control of prolactin release. 

Bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist, is used to treat the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, which is a consequence of hyperprolactinemia. Because of its central dopaminergic effects, the drug should not be used in patients with a history of schizophrenia or other forms of psychotic illness. The answer is (A). 

Akathisia, Parkinson-like syndrome, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea are side effects of perphenazine, caused by... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 414-4163) Unwanted pharmacologic side effects produced by phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs (e.g., perphenazine) include Parkinson-like syndrome, akathisia, dystonias, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility. These side effects are due to the ability of these agents to block dopamine receptors. The phenothiazines also block muscarinic and a-adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for other effects. 

Empty sella syndrome has been reported in 4% to 16% of patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. ... 

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