Ambrose

Ambrose W P, Goodwin P M, Martin J C and Keller R A 1994 Alterations of single-molecule fluorescence lifetimes in near-field optical microscopy Science 265 364-7... 

Goodwin P M, Ambrose W P and Keller R A 1996 Single-molecule detection in liquids by laser-induced fluorescence Acc. Chem. Res. 29 607-13... 

Enderiein J, Robbins D L, Ambrose W P, Goodwin P M and Keiier R A 1997 Statistics of singie-moiecuie detection J. Phys. Chem. B 101 3626-32... 

Enderiein J, Goodwin P M, Van Orden A, Ambrose W P, Erdmann R and Keller R A 1997 A maximum likelihood estimator to distinguish single molecules by their fluorescence decays Chem. Phys. Lett. 270 464-70... 

Ambrose W P and Moerner W E 1991 Fluorescence spectroscopy and spectral diffusion of single impurity molecules in a crystal Nature 349 225-7... 

Ambrose W P, Basche T and Moerner W E 1991 Detection and spectroscopy of single pentacene molecules in a p-terphenyl crystal by means of fluorescence excitation J. Phys. Chem 95 7150-63... 

E. J. Ambrose, iu S. Eriberg, ed., lyotropic Eiquid Cystals, American Chemical Society, Washiagton, D.C., 1976, Chapt. 10. 

Critica.1 Properties. Several methods have been developed to estimate critical pressure, temperature, and volume, U). Many other properties can be estimated from these properties. Error propagation can be large for physical property estimations based on critical properties from group contribution methods. Thus sensitivity analyses are recommended. The Ambrose method (185) was found to be more accurate (186) than the Lyderson (187) method, although it is computationally more complex. The Joback and Reid method (188) is only slightly less accurate overall than the Ambrose method, and is more accurate for some specific substances. Other methods of lesser overall accuracy are also available (189,190) (T, (191,192) (T, P ),... 

D. Ambrose, Correlation and Estimation ofVapor-Eiquid Critical Properties. I. Critical Eemperatures of Organic Compounds,NMoa-A Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK, NPL Report 92 (1978, corrected 1980). 

Compiled from Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner, H. M. Sibul, and C. C. Stebbins, DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Project 801 Sponsor Release, July, 1993, Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AlChE, New York, NY and from Ambrose, D. Vapour-Liquid Critical Properties , Report Chem 107, National Physical Laboratory, Teddiugtou, UK, October, 1979. 

Ambrose, D., National Physical Lahotatoty Repotts Chem. 92, 98, and 107, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom, 1978, 1979, and 1980. Angus, S., B. Armstrong, and K. M. de Reuck, Carhon Dioxide, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, Vol. 3. lUPAC, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 1976. 

For pure hydrocarbons, the method of Ambrose" is the most accurate and will also be useful for predicting critical pressure and volume. Equation (2-1) requires only the norm boiling point, Tb, and the molecular structure of the compound. 

For pure nonhydrocarbon organics, the most accurate method for predic tion of critical temperature for all compound groups is also the Ambrose" method. Equation (2-1) applies to all nonhydrocarbon compounds except perfluorocarbons, where the constant 1.242 is replaced by 1.570. For compounds containing any of C, H, O, N, S, or halogens up to C13 and ranging in critical temperature from 228-790 K, the average error is about 6 K. 

Alternate methods for nonhydrocarbon organics are the first order method of Lydersen with an average error of 9 K although the method of Ambrose is considerably better for alcohols and ketones. 

TABLE 2-383 Group Increments for the Ambrose Method Concluded)... 

Example 1 Estimate the critical temperature and critical pressure of 2-butanol using the Ambrose method, Eqs. (2-1) and (2-6). The experimental normal boiling point is 372.7 K. 

For pure hydrocarbons, two methocis are quite accurate. The Ambrose" metnoci useci for anci is also useci for critical volume. Eq. (2-11) only requires the molecular structure of the compounci. 

Spurn, P. Ambrose, E. R. and Baumeister, T. (1947). Heat Pumps. New York John Wiley Sons. 

Elmer Ambrose Sperry was born near Cortland, New York, on October 12, 1860. Sperry, whose mostly absent father was a farmer and itinerant worker and whose mother died hours after his birth, was raised by his aunt Helen until she married, as well as by his... 

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