Aluminum reservoir concentrations

Aluminum Citrate. Aluminum citrate can be used as a crosslinker for many polymers the gels are made of low concentrations of polymer and aluminum citrate in water. This crosslinker provides a valuable tool, in particular, for in-depth blockage of high-permeability regions of rock in heterogeneous reservoirs. The formulations can be mixed as a homogeneous solution at the surface. 

Steel objects, when exposed to humid atmospheres or when immersed in electrolytes, corrode at a rapid rate. For example, abrasively polished, cold-rolled steel panels will show signs of rust within 15 minutes when immersed in dilute chloride solutions with pH in the range of 7-10. One of the methods used to control this rapid corrosion is to coat the metal with a polymeric formulation such as a paint. The role of the paint is to serve primarily as a barrier to environmental constituents such as water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, and ions and secondarily as a reservoir for corrosion inhibitors. Some formulations contain very high concentrations of metallic zinc or metallic aluminum such that the coating provides galvanic protection as well as barrier protection, but such formulations are not discussed in this paper. 

Attempts to model chemical weathering of catchments have used a variety of approaches and were originally designed to understand acidification processes. The BIRKENES code (Christophersen et al., 1982) was one of the first developed to model catchment stream chemistry. It used cation-anion charge balance, a gibbsite equilibrium solubility control for aluminum concentrations, a Gapon ion exchange for metals sorption, and rates for sulfate adsorption/ desorption in a two-reservoir model. The model was calibrated by input mass fluxes and output mass fluxes for the Birkenes catchment in Norway to provide the water flux information and to fit empirical parameters. 

The interaction of inorganic species, such as those of calcium and aluminum that are normally present in reservoir fluids, with surfactants is found to produce precipitation of the surfactants followed by their redissolution above the critical micelle concentration. A maximum is often observed in the adsorption isotherm of surfactants on reservoir rocks. The contribution of the surfactant precipitation/dissolution phenomenon to the occurrence of adsorption maximum has been investigated in this study using the kaolinite/sulfonate system. The magnitude of the adsorption maximum is found to be minimized when the precipitation/redissolu-tion of the surfactant is taken into account, suggesting the important role of the latter phenomenon in determining the apparent adsorption. 

The natural radionuclides Th and Be are good tracers for the transport and sources of particles in the suspended sediment reservoir. In the Hudson River estuary, Th is produced from the decay of dissolved which varies linearly with salinity, while Be is added directly to the estuary from the atmosphere (Fengetal. 1999). Samples in the Hudson under conditions of low and high river flow show that Th/ Be activity ratio in suspended sediment increases from low salinity to higher salinity waters. The distribution of heavy metals in the suspended sediment reservoir can be compared with that of Th/ Be activity ratio by normalizing the metals to Fe, and therefore iron and aluminum in suspended sediments of the Hudson can be used to normalize grain-size effects on specific concentrations of metals. 

Stoessell and Pittman (1990) concluded that, under reservoir conditions, aluminum-acetate complexes would be insignificant but that aluminum-oxalate and aluminum-malonate complexes may be significant. They also suggested that high aluminum concentrations measured in oxalic acid may be due to enhanced dissolution kinetics at low pH, not the presence of organic anions. ... 

The effect of the formation of Al-oxalate and/or malonate complexes is to increase the amount of dissolved aluminum in a water perhaps by as much as 2 to 3 orders of magnitude according to Figs. 5 and 6. Chemical model predictions are in accordance with studies of soil zone geochemistry (Lind and Hem 1975 Antweiler and Drever 1983) where elevated aluminum concentrations are measured in the presence of OAA. Conversely, reports of elevated Al in petroleum reservoir formation waters or in other deep brines are rare (Hem 1985 L.S. Land, pers. comm, to W.J.H. 1990). Normal Al concentrations may indicate lack of OAA in these waters or... 

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