Aluminum chloride dehydrated

Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum chloride do not ionize appreciably in solution but behave in some respects as covalent compounds. The aluminum ion has a coordination number of six and in solution binds six molecules of water existing as [Al(H20)g]. On addition of a base, substitution of the hydroxyl ion for the water molecule proceeds until the normal hydroxide results and precipitation is observed. Dehydration is essentially complete at pH 7. 

The reaction is cataly2ed by all but the weakest acids. In the dehydration of ethanol over heterogeneous catalysts, such as alumina (342—346), ether is the main product below 260°C at higher temperatures both ether and ethylene are produced. Other catalysts used include siUca—alumina (347,348), copper sulfate, tin chloride, manganous chloride, aluminum chloride, chrome alum, and chromium sulfate (349,350). 

Dehydration and dehydrogenation combined utihzes dehydration agents together with mild dehydrogenation agents. Included in this class are phosphoric acid, sihca-magnesia, silica-alumina, alumina derived from aluminum chloride, and various metal oxides. 

Additives, such as fire retardants, can have a major effect on pyrolysis, and even trace amounts of ash have been shown to influence pyrolysis (6 ). Generally, fire retardants work by increasing the dehydration reaction rate to form more char and as a direct result give fewer flammable volatile compounds (1,3,7). Several papers have noted that phosphoric acid and its salts decrease the Efl (13,18,22,29), aluminum chloride has little effect (22) on Efl and boric acid increases the Efl (12,18). The reaction order for treated samples has been generally reported as lst-order (12,13,18,29) which is also the most commonly used rate expression for analysis of TGA data of untreated cellulose. 

Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics, as measured by isothermal TGA mass loss, were statistically best fit using 1st- or 2nd-order for the untreated (control) samples and 2nd-order for the cellulose samples treated with three additives. Activation parameters obtained from the TGA data of the untreated samples suggest that the reaction mechanism proceeded through an ordered transition state. Sample crystallinity affected the rate constants, activation parameters, and char yields of the untreated cellulose samples. Various additives had different effects on the mass loss. For example, phosphoric acid and aluminum chloride probably increased the rate of dehydration, while boric acid may have inhibited levoglucosan... 

Thus aluminum chloride aluminum oxide, phosphoric oxides, stannic oxide, etc., are Lewis acids and can catalyze dehydration reactions. Thus ... 

Synonym(s) Aluminum alumina fibre metana aluminum bronze aluminum dehydrated aluminum flake aluminum powder Aluminum trichloride trichloroaluminum0 aluminum chloride (1 3)... 

The second technique for producing methylchloride is based on the interaction of methyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride in the presence of dehydrating substances (for example, powder anhydrous aluminum chloride or zinc chloride on coal) ... 

Derivation (1) By heating phthalic anhydride and benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride and dehydrating the product (2) by condensation of 1,4-naphthoquinone with butadiene. 

Naphthanthraquinone may be prepared by the condensation of phthalic anhydride and naphthalene in the presence of aluminum chloride to alpha naphthoyl benzoic acid and the subsequent dehydration of the alpha naph-thoyl benzoic acid with sulfuric acid.63 To obtain high yields of product in the proper condition of purity necessitates somewhat different procedure... 

The reaction requires a dehydrating catalyst, which, for reactions in the liquid phase, is an acid substance this is usually a concentrated mineral acid, but may also be an organic sulfonic acid, acid salt, or halogen compound such as boron trifluoride, zinc chloride, or aluminum chloride. For etherification in the gaseous phase the alcohol vapor is passed over a solid catalyst such as A1203, Ti02, or dehydrated alum.656... 

The dried butene is vaporized and superheated to the desired temperature and passed on the reactor which contains substantially dehydrated, low iron-content bauxite (Poroccl). A controlled portion of the superheated vapor is passed through a vessel charged with ahuninum chloride prior to entering the reactor. Aluminum chloride thus is vaporized and fed into the reactor as required and is adsorbed on the bauxite. This technique enables the catalyst to be maintained in a relatively uniform and high state of activity. 

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