Alumina propylene oxidation

Copper high Miller index, 26 12 Copper oxide, 27 184-187, 199 as adsorbent, 21 44 on alumina, 27 80-85 -manganese oxide, 27 91, 92 oxidation of CO over, 24 86 -platinum catalyst, 27 86-88 propylene oxidation, 30 141 Coprecipitation, perovskite preparation, 36 247-250... 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

The search for a new epoxidation method that would be appropriate for organic synthesis should also, preferably, opt for a catalytic process. Industry has shown the way. It resorts to catalysis for epoxidations of olefins into key intermediates, such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The former is prepared from ethylene and dioxygen with silver oxide supported on alumina as the catalyst, at 270°C (15-16). The latter is prepared from propylene and an alkyl hydroperoxide, with homogeneous catalysis by molybdenum comp e ts( 17) or better (with respect both to conversion and to selectivity) with an heterogeneous Ti(IV) catalyst (18), Mixtures of ethylene and propylene can be epoxidized too (19) by ten-butylhydroperoxide (20) (hereafter referred to as TBHP). 

Mesoporous alumina sphere was synthesized under the catalyst of hydrochloride or ammonia in organic solvents. In a typical synthesis, 1.1 g [poly(ethylene oxide)-6-poly(propylene oxide)-6-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (Aldrich, average molecular weight 5800, EO20PO70EO20)] was dissovled in 11.0 g (0.268 mol) acetonitrile and 1.10 g (61.1 mmol) water containing 0.1 mmol HC1 or 5 mmol NH3, the solution of 3.0 g (12.2 mmol) aluminum tri-sec-butoxide dissovled in 10 g (0.24 mol) acetonitrile was slowly dropped into with stirring. After stirring for 6 h, the product was filtered and washed with acetonitrile and dried at room temperature in air. The obtained products were calcined in air at 550 °C for 4 h to remove the templates. 

Mention may be made briefly of the studies of Malinovekii and ca-workers,1 . wiw.iw involving addition of ammonia to ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and styrene oxide under stringent conditions. At 400-450° over an alumina catalyst, for example, ethylene oxide and ammonia are reported to give a moderate yield of pyridine (lfl.6-10.4%). With Btyrene oxide an exceedingly complex mixture of products is formed, among which are various pyrrole and pyridine derivatives, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzeno, benzoldehyde, acetophenone, phenylacetaldehyde, and others. 

The aluminium alkyls and alkoxides were found to be effective also in the polymerization of ethylene oxide and phenyl glycidyl ether the latter gave considerable amounts of low molecular weight, crystalline polymer. Aluminum triethyl was examined by Kambaka and Hatano (38) in the polymerization of several cyclic ethers and found to be fairly effective for propylene oxide and 2-methyl-oxacyclobutane but not for oxacyclobutane and tetrahydrofuran. The combination of zinc diethyl and alumina gave a high rate of polymerization with ethylene or propylene oxide (39). 

An alumina supported bismuth molybdate catalyst with a bismuth to molybdenum atomic ratio equal to one was examined by high-temperature X-ray diffraction techniques during propylene oxidation (86). Ac-... 

In the second example, the selective oxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) was investigated with a huge library of y-alumina pellets impregnated with various single metals, binary metal combinations and catalyst loadings [40],... 

Production of ethylene oxide is the next largest single use of ethylene. It used to be produced via the chlorohydrin process, as propylene oxide still is. However, now it is made by the direct oxidation of ethylene with air in the presence of a catalyst of silver supported on a-alumina (Eq. 19.21). 

Key Words Ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide. Epoxybutene, Market, Isoamylene oxide. Cyclohexene oxide. Styrene oxide, Norbornene oxide. Epichlorohydrin, Epoxy resins, Carbamazepine, Terpenes, Limonene, a-Pinene, Fatty acid epoxides, Allyl epoxides, Sharpless epoxidation. Turnover frequency, Space time yield. Hydrogen peroxide, Polyoxometallates, Phase-transfer reagents, Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO), Fluorinated acetone, Alkylmetaborate esters. Alumina, Iminium salts, Porphyrins, Jacobsen-Katsuki oxidation, Salen, Peroxoacetic acid, P450 BM-3, Escherichia coli, lodosylbenzene, Oxometallacycle, DFT, Lewis acid mechanism, Metalladioxolane, Mimoun complex, Sheldon complex, Michaelis-Menten, Schiff bases. Redox mechanism. Oxygen-rebound mechanism, Spiro structure. 2008 Elsevier B.V. 

PZC/IEP of Alumina from AICI3 and Propylene Oxide Electrolyte T Method Instrument... 

A comparison of ethylene and propylene oxidation over V2O5 on y alumina is available from the work of Innes and Duffy (169). The... 

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