Alkylaryl poly

The third approach to hydrophobically associating polymers avoided the need for a surfactant during polymerization by employing a water dispersible surfactant like monomer such as an alkylaryl poly(etheroxy)acrylate in conjunction with acrylamide to form the PAM-SURF copolymers.With this approach the relative amounts of ethylene oxide to hydrophobic alkylaryl group were used to provide a balance between water dispersibility of the hydrophobic monomer and association in solution. The incorporation of this monomer and sequencing depended on the relative amounts of ethylene oxide and hydrophobic portion of the monomer. The use of an arene group in the hydrophobic portion enabled UV spectroscopy to be used to determine monomer incorporation. 

Lignites and lignosulfonates can act as o/w emulsifiers, but generally are added for other purposes. Various anionic surfactants, including alkylarylsulfonates and alkylaryl sulfates and poly(ethylene oxide) derivatives of fatty acids, esters, and others, are used. Very Httle oil is added to water-base muds in use offshore for environmental reasons. A nonionic poly(ethylene oxide) derivative of nonylphenol [9016-45-9] is used in calcium-treated muds (126). 

Liquid Third Phase. A third Hquid with coUoidal stmcture has been a known component in emulsions since the 1970s (22) for nonionic surfactants of the poly(ethylene glycol) alkylaryl ether type. It allows low energy emulsification (23) using the strong temperature dependence of the coUoidal association stmctures in the water—surfactant—hydrocarbon systems. 

Surfactants are also used to break low mobility oil emulsions. Organic amines and quaternary ammonium salts (128), alkylphenol ethoxylates (128), poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide-co-propylene glycol) (129) and alkyl- or alkylaryl polyoxyalkylene phosphate esters (130) are among the surfactants that have been used. 

The poly-N-alkyl- and hexa-N-acyl derivatives of neomycin and paromomycin fail to show activity, but the hexa-N-methane-sulfonates and -sulfina-tes are claimed to be active and less toxic. 6 - and 6" -N alkyl- and N-alkylaryl-neomycins and -paromomycins have been prepared from the Schiffs bases by reduction with NaBH4 Some of the alkylaryl compounds show a slightly improved activity the alkyl derivatives are ineffective. The hexa-N-benzylneomydns prepared from neomycin, aromatic aldehydes and NaBH4, as well as the corresponding paromomycins, synthesized by means of catalytic reduction of the Schiffs bases, have reduced antibacterial activity. The Schiffs bases of paromomycin show in vitro the same activity as the parent compoimd, obviously because of the ease of hydrolysis. 

Poly(ethylene glycol) alkylaryl ether phosphates and poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether phosphates have been used as inhibitors for the deposition of salts in the petroleum field. These reagents have high surface activity and are adsorbed on the nuclei of crystallization centres, thus preventing further crystallization and thus inhibiting the deposition of salts. 

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