Alkenes diimide reduction

The relative reactivity of alkenes toward reduction by diimide depends on the degree of substitution. Increasing alkyl substitution results in decreasing reactivity, and strained alkenes exhibit higher reactivity than nonstrained compounds 187... 

The correlation between the apparent association constants, K. which are derived from the competitive rates on Pt and reductions by diimide indicates that structural changes in the alkene generally have parallel effects on these reactions, Fig. 2. Because the diimide reduction is essentially free of steric effects, this effect is liable to account for some of the differences which are observed in extended groups of compounds. The small range of individual reactivities on Pt, which are zero order in alkene, can be understood in that the variation in structure which increases the driving force towards... 

As regards the protecting effect, the complex is stable to Lewis acids. Also, no addition of BH3 occurs. As Co2(CO)6 can not coordinate to alkene bonds, selective protection of the triple bond in enyne 137 is possible, and hydroboration or diimide reduction of the double bond can be carried out without attacking the protected alkyne bond to give 138 and 139 [32], Although diphenylacetylene cannot be subjected to smooth Friedcl Crafts reaction on benzene rings, facile /7-acylation of the protected diphenylacetylene 140 can be carried out to give 141 [33], The deprotection can be effected easily by oxidation of coordinated low-valent Co to Co(III), which has no ability to coordinate to alkynes, with CAN, Fe(III) salts, amine /V-oxidc or iodine. 

Table 1 Relative Reactivities of Substituted Alkenes Toward Reduction with Diimide ...

Diimide reduction of a side-chain alkene in an aziridine has been reported, which proceeds without destroying the aziridine ring <68JOC48l>. 

Alder Ene Reactions. Like the Diels-Alder reaction, Alder ene reactions usually take place only when the enophile has a Z-substituent, the regiochemistry is that expected from the interaction of the HOMO of the ene and the LUMO of the enophile, and Lewis acids increase the rate. All these points can be seen in the reaction of T-pinene 6.449 with the moderately activated enophile methyl acrylate, which takes place at room temperature in the presence of aluminium chloride,928 but which would not have taken place easily without the Lewis acid. The lowering of the LUMO energy of the methyl acrylate accounts for the increase in the rate of reaction. Similarly, the rates of diimide reductions of alkenes show some correlation with ionisation potential and hence orbital properties.929... 

Reduction of alkenes. Siegel et al have discussed the stereochemistry of diimide reduction of alkenes as compared with catalytic hydrogenation. The same laboratory investigated the reduction of conjugated dienes to enes no evidence for 1,4-reduction was obtained. 

In agreement with this mechanism is the fact that the addition has been demonstrated to be syn for several typical alkenes. The rate of diimide reductions has been shown to be affected by torsional and angle strain in the alkene/ More strained double bonds react at accelerated rates. For example, the more strained trans double bond is selectively reduced in cis, trans-l,5-cyclodecadiene. ... 

Bridged flavinium organocatalysts (150-152) displayed efficiency in diimide-mediated reduction of enamides in aqueous conditions. This was, perhaps, the first diimide reduction of an electron-rich alkene and offered a clean alternative to the use of alkylating agents forAf-alkylation. °... 

Diimide reduction of alkenes and alk3mes are also group transfer reactions. Delivery of two hydrogen atoms to an alkyne or alkene takes place in a concerted process involving suprafacial delivery of two hydrogens in a TS. These reactions are per-icyclic in nature. 

The synthetic viability of the process, as outlined in Schemes 16.11 and 16.12, using in situ generated diimide, was demonstrated by reduction of a number of terminal, internal, conjugated and cyclic alkenes [42, 44, 45]. Diimide reduction was successfully used in the reduction of -9,10-epothilones [46] and the trans-cyclopropane-based epothilone A analogue [38]. 

Exocyclic bis-silylated olefins have been constructed through the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed reaction of alkynes with a tethered disi-lanyl group. The reactions are carried out in the presence of a tert-alkyl isocyanide, although the precise role of this ligand is unclear. Diimide reduction of the disilylated alkene so-formed followed by Fleming-Tamao-type oxidation of the two C-Si bonds in the saturated product then affords 1,2,4-triols in a stereoselective manner (eq 83).l ... 

Dia ene deductions. Olefins, acetylenes, and azo-compounds are reduced by hydrazine in the presence of an oxidizing agent. Stereochemical studies of alkene and alkyne reductions suggest that hydrazine is partially oxidized to the transient diazene [3618-05-1] (diimide, diimine) (9) and that the cis-isomer of diazene is the actual hydrogenating agent, acting by a concerted attack on the unsaturated bond ... 

Catalytic hydrogenation transfers the elements of molecular hydrogen through a series of complexes and intermediates. Diimide, HN=NH, an unstable hydrogen donor that can be generated in situ, finds specialized application in the reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds. Simple alkenes are reduced efficiently by diimide, but other easily reduced functional groups, such as nitro and cyano are unaffected. The mechanism of the reaction is pictured as a concerted transfer of hydrogen via a nonpolar cyclic TS. 

Figure 5.1. Reduction of Wang resin bound alkenes and alkynes with diimide (HN=NH) [6].

STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY IN THE HYDROGENATION OF ALKENES. COMPARISONS WITH REDUCTIONS BY DIIMIDE AND THE FORMATION OF A Ni(O) COMPLEX... 

It seemed prudent that the same ethers be examined in the absence of potentially labile functionality, thus removal of unsaturation in 262 and 263 was considered. Hydrogenation of 259 over Pd/C or Pt was unsuccessful in either case reduction of the peroxide group was problematical. Hydrogenation over Wilkinson s catalyst gave a new product, but with the unsaturation retained. While selective alkene hydrogenation can sometimes be achieved in the presence of a peroxide bond, the double bond of 259 was apparently too hindered in this case. Diimide, on the other hand, worked reasonably well for this reduction. Thus, treatment of 259 in dichlo-romethane solution with potassium azodicarboxylate followed by addition of acetic acid led, after several days, to roughly 60% conversion of 259 to the saturated version, 264. Now, ether formation as before provided the saturated methyl and benzyl ethers 265 and 266, respectively, in good yields. 

Garbisch et al. (1965) examined the reactivity of a wide variety of alkenes with diimide. The observed range in reactivity of 38000 was ascribed chiefly to terms such as Fbend, -Etors. > and a-alkyl substitution. Unfortunately, those reactivity differences pertaining to SS generally turned out to be small and could not be generated by this approach the reduction of 1 -methyl-4-t-butylcyclohexene at 80° gave transjcis = 2-3. 

Reduction of alkenes and alkynes with diimides is also an example of an ene reaction. 

In the reduction of alkylidenecyclohexanes the approach to the faces of the double bond are similarly sterically hindered, and roughly equal amounts of products derived from attack at the two faces of the double bond should be formed. This is the case with (26a). Replacement of the vinyl hydrogens with methyl groups should not greatly affect the approach of diimide to either face of the double bond. However, such substitution results in increases favoring formation of the trans isomer (28). This trend has been interpreted in terms of subtle changes in the conformations of the alkenes, which affect the ease of approach of diimide to the two faces of the double bonds. 

Like the double bond, the carbon-carbon triple bond is susceptible to many of the common addition reactions. In some cases, such as reduction, hydroboration and acid-catalyzed hydration, it is even more reactive. A very efficient method for the protection of the triple bond is found in the alkynedicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes (.e.g. 117 and 118), readily formed by the reaction of the respective alkyne with dicobalt octacarbonyl. In eneynes this complexation is specific for the triple bond. The remaining alkenes can be reduced with diimide or borane as is illustrated for the ethynylation product (116) of 5-dehydro androsterone in Scheme 107. Alkynic alkenes and alcohols complexed in this way show an increased structural stability. This has been used for the construction of a variety of substituted alkynic compounds uncontaminated by allenic isomers (Scheme 107) and in syntheses of insect pheromones. From the protecting cobalt clusters, the parent alkynes can easily be regenerated by treatment with iron(III) nitrate, ammonium cerium nitrate or trimethylamine A -oxide. ° ... 

The thermal instability of sulfonyl hydrazides allows them to be used for the reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds the reaction depends on the in situ formation of the highly reactive diimide intermediate (86), which is a good reducing agent for alkenes. Tosylhydrazide can be used for this reduction, but triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl hydrazide (87) is preferred because it decomposes to the diimide at low temperature. In the final step, the diimide reduces the alkene to the alkane, as indicated in Scheme 56. 

Now write down the mechanism for the reduction of an alkene using the appropriate isomer of diimide. 

The commonest example of. v>w-addition is the heterogeneously catalysed hydrogenation of an alkene, using either Ni, Pt or Pd, or in the case of the reduction from an alkyne to an alkene, using the Lindlar catalyst. The reduction of an alkene can also be achieved using diimide. 

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