Algae enzymes

Besides sponges and algae, enzymes were also isolated from marine organisms and microorganisms. For example, polymerases and proteases from marine Vibrio sp. [352], marine bacterium such as Alcaligenes faecalis [353], and from archaeons, such as the psychrophilic Cenarchaeum symbiosum [354], and the hyperthermophile archaeons Pyrococcus furiosus [355], Sulfolobus solfataricus [356], and Aeropyrum pernix [357] transferases from marine bacterium such as Vibrio vulnificus... 

Red algae enzymes in the starch degradation pathway (e.g., a-1,4-glucan lyase and others)... 

Benemann JR Production of nitrogen fertilizer with nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae, Enzym Microb Technol 1(2) 83—90, 1979. 

In general, many species of algae have cell walls resistant to digestive enzymes, dark colors, and bitter flavor. AH of these characteristics must be altered to make an acceptable food or feed product. 

The enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle in plants are contained in glyoxysomes, organelles devoted to this cycle. Yeast and algae carry out the glyoxylate cycle in the cytoplasm. The enzymes common to both the TCA and glyoxylate pathways exist as isozymes, with spatially and functionally distinct enzymes operating independently in the two cycles. 

Xylans as true homopolymers occur in seaweeds of the Palmariales and Nemaliales, however, their backbone consists of Xylp residues linked by -(1 3) (Type X3, Fig. la) or mixed -(1 3, 1 -> 4)-glycosidic linkages (Type Xmy Fig. lb). They are assumed mainly to have a structural function in the cell-wall architecture, but a reserve function cannot be ruled out [4]. From the microfibrils of green algae (Siphonales) such as Caulerpa and Bryop-sis sp., X3 was isolated and the structure confirmed by methylation analysis, C-NMR spectroscopy [7], as well as by mass spectrometry of enzymically released linear oligosaccharides up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of... 

In nature, nitrogen fixation is accomplished by nitrogenase, an enzyme that binds N2 and weakens its bonding sufficiently to break the triple bond. Only a few algae and bacteria contain nitrogenase. Our Chemishy and Life Box describes what is known about this enzyme. 

Chlorophyll b occurs as an accessory pigment of the light-harvesting systems in land plants and green algae, and comprises one-third (or less) of total chlorophyll. The biosynthesis of chlorophyll b has been an area of active research particularly regarding its compartmentalization in chloroplast membranes, identification of the gene for chlorophyllide a oxidase, and characterization of the enzymes involved. ... 

Transgenic E. coli accumulate comparatively low levels of carotenoids " compared to microbial algae, yeasts, and bacteria. Many efforts ° have focused on increasing accumulation by manipulation of factors affecting metabolic flux and metabolite accnmnlation (listed and discnssed in Sections 5.3.1.1 and 5.3.1.3 A) and have been reviewed." - " In bacterial systems, approaches to control can be categorized as either infrastructural (plasmids, enzymes, strains) or ultrastructural (media and feeding, enviromnent, precursor pools, substrate flux). 

Ketones used in this report are reduced by the cyanobacterium with excellent enan-tioselectivities (> 96% ee). An enzyme exhibiting high enantioselectivity usually shows a relatively strict substrate specificity hence, there scarcely is a catalyst that reacts with many kinds of substrates and also shows high select vities. This alga can reduce a wide variety of aryl methyl ketones and afford the corresponding alcohols with high enantioselectivities. 

Warshawsky D, M Radike, K Jayasimhulu, T Cody (1995a) Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by a dioxygenase enzyme system of the freshwater green alga Selenstrum capricornutum. Biochim Biophys Res Commun 152 540-544. 

A dynamic defense model that seems to be widespread among marine algae involves the cleavage of (3-dimethylsufoniopropionate (DMSP) (21) by the enzyme DMSP-lyase resulting in dimethylsulfide (DMS) (22) and acrylate (23) (Scheme 6). 

Chevalier, P., and de la Notle, J., Behavior of Algae and Bacteria Co-Immobilized in Carrageenan, in a Fluidized Bed, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 10 19 (1988)... 

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