Hydroxyl radical aldehyde reactions

Hydroxyl radical reaction with aldehydes involves H-atom abstraction to produce the corresponding acyl (RCO) radical... 

At elevated temperatures, methylene carbons cleave from aromatic rings to form radicals (Fig. 7.44). Further fragmentation decomposes xylenol to cresols and methane (Fig. 7.44a). Alternatively, auto-oxidation occurs (Fig. 1.44b ). Aldehydes and ketones are intermediates before decarboxylation or decarbonylation takes place to generate cresols and carbon dioxide. These oxidative reactions are possible even in inert atmospheres due to the presence of hydroxyl radicals and water.5... 

Glucose may auto-oxidize (like other alphahydroxy-aldehydes) and generate hydroxyl radicals in a transition-metal-catalysed reaction, and induce both fragmentation and conformational changes in glycated proteins (Hunt et al., 1990). 

The subscripts 1 and g in Equation (6.38) refer to the liquid and gas phases, respectively. The results of the comparison are presented in Table 6.10. If the HO + YH reaction takes place in an aqueous solution and not in the gas phase, the parameter bre and hence the activation energy increase. This is associated with the solvation of the reactants and the need to overcome the solvation shell by the reacting component in order to effect the elementary step. The contribution of AEso is particularly large in the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with aldehydes. 

In 1977, Kellogg and Fridovich [28] showed that superoxide produced by the XO-acetaldehyde system initiated the oxidation of liposomes and hemolysis of erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation was inhibited by SOD and catalase but not the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol. Gutteridge et al. [29] showed that the superoxide-generating system (aldehyde-XO) oxidized lipid micelles and decomposed deoxyribose. Superoxide and iron ions are apparently involved in the NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in human placental mitochondria [30], Ohyashiki and Nunomura [31] have found that the ferric ion-dependent lipid peroxidation of phospholipid liposomes was enhanced under acidic conditions (from pH 7.4 to 5.5). This reaction was inhibited by SOD, catalase, and hydroxyl radical scavengers. Ohyashiki and Nunomura suggested that superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals participate in the initiation of liposome oxidation. It has also been shown [32] that SOD inhibited the chain oxidation of methyl linoleate (but not methyl oleate) in phosphate buffer. 

The O-dealkylation of ethers, while not as frequently encountered as N-dealkylation in drug metabolism studies, is still a common metabolic pathway. Mechanistically it is less controversial than N-dealkylation in that it is generally believed to proceed by the HAT pathway, i.e., a-hydrogen atom abstraction followed by hydroxyl radical rebound, and not a SET pathway (Fig. 4.58). The product of the reaction is unstable, being a hemiacetal or hemiketal depending on the number of hydrogens on the a-carbon, which dissociates to generate an alcohol and an aldehyde or ketone. 

Niki, H., Maker, P.D., Savage, C.M., and Breitenbach, L.P. Relative rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radical with aldehydes, 7 Phys. Chem., 82(2) 132-134, 1978. 

One of the most important sugar lesion is the 3 -phosphoglycolate that is typically formed in the presence of O2 (for its excision by purified HeLa cell extracts see Winters et al. 1992). Specifically deuterated nucleoside triphosphates were used for incorporation into dsDNA by PCR (Balasubramanian et al. 1998). Hydroxyl radicals were generated by a Fenton reaction, and the yields of free 3 -phosphate end groups, 3 -phosphoglycolate and 5 -aldehyde were measured. Depending on the position of the deuteration, the yields vary with respect to a non-deuterated sample (Table 12.9). 

The atmospheric chemical kinetics of linear perfluorinated aldehyde hydrates, Cx-F2x+iCH(OH)2, have been measured for x = 1,3, and 4, focusing on formation (from aldehyde, by hydration), dehydration, and chlorine atom- and hydroxyl radical-initiated oxidation.211 The latter reaction is implicated as a significant source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in the environment. 

Richard found evidence that both holes and hydroxy radicals are involved in the photocatalytic oxidation of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol [32]. His results suggest holes and hydroxyl radicals have different regioselectivities in the photocatalytic transformation of this compound hydroquinone is thought to result from the direct oxidation by a valence-band hole, dihydroxybenzyl alcohol from the reaction with a hydroxyl radical, while 4-hydroxybenz-aldehyde is produced by both pathways. In the presence of a hydroxyl radical quencher, the formation of dihydroxybenzyl alcohol is completely inhibited while the formation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is inhibited. 

The initiation effect of ultrasound generating hydroxyl radicals in reaction medium as, e.g., during sonochemical oxidation of aldehydes has been widely studied but rarely utilized. 

Ozone, hydroxyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals are active in oxidation of hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones, whereas hydrogen peroxide is a source of hydroxyl radicals in the Fenton or photo-Fenton reactions (see section in 9.3.3 in Chapter 9 and Chapter 21). 

Dissolving metals initially convert aldehydes, ketones, and esters into radical anions. Subsequently, proton donors may react with the latter, which leads to neutral radicals. This mode of reaction is used, for example, in the drying of THF or ether with potassium in the presence of the indicator benzophenone. Potassium and benzophenone react to give the deep-blue potassium ketyl radical anion A (Figure 14.45). Water then protonates ketyl A to the hydroxylated radical B as long as traces of water remain. Further potassium reduces B via another electron transfer to the hydroxysubstituted organopotassium compound C. C immediately tautomerizes to the potassium alkox-ide D. Once all the water has been consumed, no newly formed ketyl A can be pro-tonated so that its blue color indicates that drying is complete. 

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