Air-water interaction

The movement of fluoride through the atmosphere and into a food chain illustrates an air-water interaction at the local scale (<100 km) (3). Industrial sources of fluoride include phosphate fertilizer, aluminum, and glass manufacturing plants. Domestic livestock in the vicinity of substantial fluoride sources are exposed to fluoride by ingestion of forage crops. Fluoride released into the air by industry is deposited and accumulated in vegetation. Its concentration is sufficient to cause damage to the teeth and bone structure of the animals that consume the crops. 

THEORY OF AIR-WATER INTERACTION IN PACKED TOWERS 277 TABLE 9.18. Effects of Variables on Operation of Spray Dryers... 

Air leakage, vacuum systems, 164, 165 other gases, 165 Air properties, 674 Air separation process, 37 Air-water interaction, 231-234... 

Most studies, for example, are based on air-water interaction in an isothermal setting, even though most industrial bioprocesses have thermal interactions and complex fluid properties. It is also common for industrial processes to be performed at relatively high temperatures and/or pressure. These settings still lack experimental coverage (Lau et al., 2004). Furthermore, gas holdup and gas-liquid mass transfer are decoupled under thermal operation, and pressure variances are rarely accounted for in currently available correlations. 

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