Agriculture polymers

The control of chemical reactions (e.g., esterification, sulfonation, nitration, alkylation, polymerization, oxidation, reduction, halogenation) and associated hazards are an essential aspect of chemical manufacture in the CPI. The industries manufacture nearly all their products, such as inorganic, organic, agricultural, polymers, and pharmaceuticals, through the control of reactive chemicals. The reactions that occur are generally without incident. Barton and Nolan [1] examined exothermic runaway incidents and found that the principal causes were ... 

NIR spectroscopy is a popular method for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is finding widespread use in many different industries for monitoring the identity and quality of raw materials and finished products in the food, agricultural, polymer, pharmaceutical, and organic chemical manufacturing industries. 

Cuq, B., Gontard, N., and Guilbert, S. (1998). Proteins as agricultural polymers for packaging production. Cereal Chem. 9, 751. 

Perhydroazocines readily undergo nucleophilic substitution to yield A-substituted derivatives. V-Substituted compounds are synthesized for their applications in pharmaceutics, agriculture, polymers, etc. V-Substitution has been achieved by both acylation and alkylation procedures. 

Gilead, D. 1990. Photodegradable films for agriculture. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 29, 1, 65. 

Fluidized bed dryers (FBDs) have found widespread applications for the drying of particulate or granular solids in the chemical, food, ceramic, pharmaceutical, agriculture, polymer, and waste management industries. More recently, they have also found special applications in the drying of slurries. Suspensions, solutions, dilute pastes, or sludges are atomized into a fluidized bed of inert particles and the dry powder is separated from the exhaust gases. 

Agricultural polymers (polysaccharides or proteins) can be extracted and eventually purified. They can be used alone or in a mixture with a synthetic biodegradable polymer such as polycaprolactone or other synthetic biodegradable polyesters (e.g. blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesters). 

The importance of polymer composites arises largely from the fact that such low density materials can have unusually high elastic modulus and tensile strength. Polymers have extensive applications in various fields of industry and agriculture. They are used as constructional materials or protective coatings. Exploitation of polymers is of special importance for products that may be exposed to the radiation or temperature, since the use of polymers make it possible to decrease the consumption of expensive (and, sometimes, deficient) metals and alloys, and to extent the lifetime of the whole product. 

In this chapter we examine in turn the properties of alkyl and aryl-thiazoles that do not possess functional groups bonded directly to the thiazole ring. The general trends are underlined, and the applications of certains thiazole compounds in such areas as polymers, flavorings, and pharmacological and agricultural chemicals are discussed. 

Uses. Butanediol is used to manufacture the insecticide Endosulfan, other agricultural chemicals, and pyridoxine (vitamin B ) (see Vitamins) (116). Small amounts are consumed as a diol by the polymer industry. 

Uses. Butyrolactone is principally consumed by the manufacturers by reaction with methylamine or ammonia to produce A/-meth5d-2-pyrrohdinone [872-50-4] and 2-pyrrohdinone [616-45-5] C H NO, respectively. Considerable amounts are used as a solvent for agricultural chemicals and polymers, in dyeing and printing, and as an intermediate for various chemical syntheses. 

Additioaal uses for higher olefias iaclude the productioa of epoxides for subsequeat coaversioa iato surface-active ageats, alkylatioa of benzene to produce drag-flow reducers, alkylation of phenol to produce antioxidants, oligomeriza tion to produce synthetic waxes (qv), and the production of linear mercaptans for use in agricultural chemicals and polymer stabilizers. Aluminum alkyls can be produced from a-olefias either by direct hydroalumination or by transalkylation. In addition, a number of heavy olefin streams and olefin or paraffin streams have been sulfated or sulfonated and used in the leather (qv) iadustry. 

The major uses of aniline are in the manufacture of polymers, mbber, agricultural chemicals, dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. Approximately 67% of the wodd production of aniline is used in the manufacture of rigid polyurethanes and reaction-injection-molded (RIM) parts for the constmction, automotive, and durable goods industries. 

Amino acid polymers like poly(y-methyl-L-glutamate) [29967-97-3] h.a.ve been developed as raw materials for artificial leathers (see Leatherlike materials). Derivatives of amino acids are now finding new appHcations in industry and agriculture. 

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