Interaction aggressive

Behaviours used in aggressive interactions between children have previously been described in great detail. However, much less is known about how children resolve conflicts and post-conflict behaviours.We have videotaped preschool children (3-5 years of age) at three different daycare centers in Stockholm by means of hidden videocameras during free play. More than 400 conflicts have been analysed in over 50 hours of observa-... 

It was found that six of the seven batches removed both the tungsten and the underlayer before the maximum amount of time allocated to it, whereas one batch (batch 1) took much longer time to remove the tungsten layer (the underlayer did not get fully removed during the test duration). This is consistent with the fact that the slurry gives a low acoustic emission signal, that is, not an aggressive interaction of surface asperities of pad and wafer or wafer... 

Early higher pressure reaction smdies over Pt-Sn model catalysts by Paffett [62,63] and Somorjai [64, 65] and their coworkers revealed new insights into hydrocarbon catalysis in such systems. Szanyi et al. [62] showed that n-butane hydrogenolysis under moderate pressures (1-200 Torr H3/butane=20) and temperatures (up to 650 K) could be carried out without disruption of the ordered Sn/Pt(lll) surface alloys. This established that such catalytic reactions could be studied while maintaining the composition and geometric structure of these alloys under reducing reaction conditions (but not catalytic oxidation due to the aggressive interaction of O3 with Sn). These ordered Sn/Pt surfaces are qualitatively different from those in many studies of promoters and poisons, or disordered alloys, e.g., Au-Pt, in which the quantitative information on ensemble sizes available for reactions is difficult to determine. 

Fig. 13.2 Photograph showing chemical communication during aggressive interaction of two male Astacus leptodactylus. Both males were blindfolded using opaque film wrapped around the eyestalks. Urine signals were visualized using Fluorescein dye injected into the heart (for methodology see Breithaupt and Eger 2002)...

Fig. 13.7 Artist impressions of the social interactions between crayfish in a population of high density. Aggressive interactions between males (on the right) involve physical contact of the claws (claw lock) and urine release. Reproductive interaction (bottom) involve male mating attempt (starting with the male seizing female antennae with left claw) and female aggressive behavior (female claw lock) with urine release. Drawing courtesy of Jorge Andres Varela Ramos...

It is known that aggressive interactions between crayfish are mediated by chemical signals (Breithaupt, Chap. 13) and exposure to chemicals disturbing chemoreception may interfere with the behavior responses (Cook and Moore 2008). In fact, individuals exposed to non-lethal levels of the herbicide metolachlor tended to initiate fights later than control individuals and their chance to win encounters decreased significantly (Cook and Moore 2008). 

Males of Aneides aeneus also apparently defend territories (Cupp, 1980). In laboratory experiments, territorial residents were successfully able to defend areas against intruders, and the same was true when the roles of individuals as intruders and residents were reversed. Aggressive interactions were common. 

Larger quantities of secretion are used in more aggressive interactions, for example with termite soldiers or small lizards. The poison gland, which contains the equivalent of about five droplets, may be almost completely voided in these circumstances, and then responding ants are frequently further alarmed... 

La Barre, S.C., J.C. Coll P.W. Sammarco. 1986. Competitive strategies of soft corals (Coelenterata Octocorallia) III. Spacing and aggressive interactions between alcyona-ceans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28 147-156. 

Anthony, C.D. J.A. Wicknick. 1993. Aggressive interaction and chemical communication between adult and juvenile salamanders. J. Herpetol. 27 261-264. 

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