Agglomeration industrial applications

Several reported chemical systems of gas-liquid precipitation are first reviewed from the viewpoints of both experimental study and industrial application. The characteristic feature of gas-liquid mass transfer in terms of its effects on the crystallization process is then discussed theoretically together with a summary of experimental results. The secondary processes of particle agglomeration and disruption are then modelled and discussed in respect of the effect of reactor fluid dynamics. Finally, different types of gas-liquid contacting reactor and their respective design considerations are overviewed for application to controlled precipitate particle formation. 

This limit, which might be referred to as the ultimate tinctorial strength , reflects the maximum degree of dispersion which can be achieved in a particular vehicle system under a certain set of conditions. However, experimental results may deviate more or less from the theoretical concepts and an ideal dispersion is not normally realized not all agglomerates are broken down entirely. This, however, is of no consequence, because even the experimentally determined ultimate tinctorial strength is by no means considered a standard for industrial application technical operations are not always allowed to go to completion, and the dispersion process is often discontinued, mainly for economical reasons. 

Processes which melt mix polymer and filler are capable of generating the high shear stresses necessary to cause agglomerate break up, together with re-distribution of the primary filler particles. Since its conception in 1835, the two-roll mill has proved to be an effective means of mixing additives into plastics and rubber and is still in widespread use today, principally for laboratory purposes, but to some extent in large-scale industrial applications. 

Although many problems exist in regard to the physical significance of data obtained by compression testing, this method is an easy and fast procedure for the determination of agglomerate strength for quality control in industrial applications, for example. 

For accurately shaped compacts with extreme demands on tolerance only the confined die approach of pressure agglomeration is applicable. Such requirements exist, for example, in the pharmaceutical industry where tabletting machines are used to carry out the task. None of the growth agglomeration methods can yield products with these specifications. 

Batch suspended solids agglomerators While a large number of different industrial applications has been developed during the past two or three decades, batch operations has found the widest use in pharmaceutical processing (see... 

Therefore, it was the author s intent to cover—for the first time in a textbook on agglomeration—the fundamentals in considerable detail and to introduce the multitude of agglomeration techniques as well as applications that have been developed during the past 100 years and, more specifically, during the most recent four to five decades. In Chapter 4 (Industrial Size Enlargement Equipment and Processes) as well as Chapter 5 ([Some Selected] Industrial Applications of Agglomeration) pressure agglomeration and, explicitly, roller presses have been covered in particular detail because of the author s past and present involvement as an expert in this area. 

In the second edition, I have sharpened the focus on aerosol dynamics. The field has grown rapidly since its original applications to the atmospheric aerosol for which the assumption of panicle sphericity is u.sually adequate, especially for the accumulation mode. Major advances in the eighties and nineties came about when we learned how to deal with (I) the formation of solid primary panicles, the smallest individual panicles that compose agglomerates and (ii) the formation of agglomerate structures by collisions. These phenomena, which have important industrial applications, are covered in two new chapters. One chapter describes the extension of classical coagulation theory for coalescing... 

W. Pietsch, Agglomeration Technology - Industrial Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany (2003). 

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