Agents and agitators

Under the washing conditions of this laboratory experiment -- 5 min with a wetting agent and agitation — temperatures above 60°C appear to offer little benefit in removing extraneous materials and, moreover, may cause fiber damage. Similar results on the effects of temperature on removing solvent and water soluble materials from cotton have been reported by Ross, et al. (6). 

Washed 5 minutes with wetting agent and agitation. ... 

Traore, M. K., and Buschle-Diller, G. 1999. Influence of wetting agents and agitation on enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton. Textile Chemistry Colorist American Dyestuff... 

Suspension polymerization, a heterogeneous process, uses the monomer as a dispersed phase with a continuous phase that is usually water. This dispersion in the form of droplets (0.01-5 cm in diameter) is brought about by a combination of a suspending agent and agitation, lypically, the agent is a water-soluble polymer. Sometimes, finely divided insoluble solids are also used. 

Bead Polymerization Bulk reaction proceeds in independent droplets of 10 to 1,000 [Lm diameter suspended in water or other medium and insulated from each other by some colloid. A typical suspending agent is polyvinyl alcohol dissolved in water. The polymerization can be done to high conversion. Temperature control is easy because of the moderating thermal effect of the water and its low viscosity. The suspensions sometimes are unstable and agitation may be critical. Only batch reaciors appear to be in industrial use polyvinyl acetate in methanol, copolymers of acrylates and methacrylates, polyacrylonitrile in aqueous ZnCh solution, and others. Bead polymerization of styrene takes 8 to 12 h. 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity -with Water Dissolves with the liberation of considerable heat. The reaction violently produces steam and agitation Reactivity with Common Materials When wet, attacks metals such as aluminum, tin, lead, and zinc to produce flammable hydrogen gas Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Flush with water, rinse with dilute acetic acid Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

Differentiating between depression and dementia can be difficult, so symptoms of depression should be documented for several weeks prior to initiating therapy for the treatment of depression with AD. Citalopram and sertraline are recommended as first-line agents because of their efficacy in placebo-controlled trials.49 Indications for the use of antidepressants include depression characterized by poor appetite, insomnia, hopelessness, anhedonia, withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, and agitation. 

Antidepressant medications appear to be useful for certain children and adolescents, particularly those who have severe or psychotic depression, fail psychotherapeutic measures, or experience chronic or recurrent depression. SSRIs generally are considered the initial antidepressants of choice, although comorbid conditions may favor alternative agents. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of behavioral activation with the SSRIs, including such symptoms as impulsivity, silliness, daring conduct, and agitation.44 Desipramine should be used with caution in this population because of several reports of sudden death, and a baseline and follow-up electrocardiogram (ECG) may be warranted when this medication is used to treat pediatric patients.9... 

Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine) used as augmentation agents may improve labile affect and agitated behavior. A placebo-controlled trial supports fast symptom improvement when divalproex is combined with either olanzapine or risperidone. 

Delusions/Psychosis. Demented patients who are acutely psychotic and agitated should be treated in much the same manner as demented patients with delirium. Low doses of a high potency conventional antipsychotic like haloperidol were once preferred. This was mainly because it can be given both orally and by injection. In recent years, the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone, which is now also available in oral and injectable forms, has superseded haloperidol as the preferred agent when treating the acutely psychotic and agitated patient with dementia. As previously noted, ziprasidone affords the same tranquilizing benefit as haloperidol, it can now be administered via injection when necessary, and it avoids the problematic extrapyramidal symptoms of haloperidol to which patients with dementia are often keenly sensitive. 

Chlorpromazine is the best known representative of the aliphatic phenothiazines. Although it is considered to be a low potency agent it is still frequently used. It is one of the most sedative antipsychotic agents and is therefore very effective in the treatment of agitated and violent patients. Extrapyramidal effects are seen with a rather low incidence. However it displays marked anticholinergic activity. There have been reports of hepatotoxicity, also in patients with previously normal hepatic function, due to chlorpromazine. Alimemazine and triflupro-mazine are other representatives from this group. 

---