After burning conversion

As pointed out previously, controlled degradation reactions are very difficult with aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbons, and most of the relabeling work has been concentrated on aromatic reaction products. Procedures have been extensively described by Pines and co-workers (e.g., 97, 96, also 87, 89-98, 95, 98). For the present purpose, it suffices to note that the 14C contents of the methyl side-chains and the rings in aromatic reaction products are readily estimated by oxidation of the methyl to carboxyl, followed by decarboxylation, while ethyl side-chains may be oxidatively degraded one carbon atom at a time. Radiochemical assays may be made on CO2 either directly in a gas counter, or after conversion to barium carbonate, while other solid degradation intermediates (e.g., benzoic acid or the phthalic acids) may be either assayed directly as solids or burned to CO2. Liquids are best assayed after burning to CO2. 

Ash, as determined by the standard test method (ASTM D-3174), is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke and differs in composition from the original inorganic constituents present in the coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. In addition, the ash, as determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash produced in furnace operations and other firing systems because incineration conditions influence the chemistry and amount of the ash. 

After plasma conversion of NO into NO2 and the acids, the double-stage aftertreatment is completed by NO2 reduction to nitrogen and burning out the residual hydrocarbons in the catalytic stage of the process ... 

Destroying the Adamsite is an urgent necessity. Its destruction is however expensive and fundamentally difficult. The main problem is that even after burning or chemical conversion of Adamsite, the unavoidable arsenic-containing products are still toxic. On the basis of theoretical studies and laboratory works performed at the Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry and at the Military University of Technology, the methods described below have been proposed [5,6]. 

In addition to the immediate volatilization of N during the bums, enhanced microbial cycling of N in the soils occurs after fires. Emissions of NO and N2O from soils at experimental sites in the temperate zone after burning were observed to be substantially higher than from soils at unburned sites [85]. This effect persisted for at least 6 months after the fires. Following burning on a Venezuelan savanna site, enhancements in NO emissions by a factor of 10 were found for the 4 days during which the measurements were made [86]. Other studies have also shown that the fluxes of NO from soils are enhanced after conversion from forests... 

This was a Hquid-phase process which used what was described as siUceous zeoUtic catalysts. Hydrogen was not required in the process. Reactor pressure was 4.5 MPa and WHSV of 0.68 kg oil/h kg catalyst. The initial reactor temperature was 127°C and was raised as the catalyst deactivated to maintain toluene conversion. The catalyst was regenerated after the temperature reached about 315°C. Regeneration consisted of conventional controlled burning of the coke deposit. The catalyst life was reported to be at least 1.5 yr. 

Historically, isobutyl alcohol was an unwanted by-product of the propylene Oxo reaction. Indeed, isobutyraldehyde the precursor of isobutyl alcohol was occasionally burned for fuel. However, more recentiy isobutyl alcohol has replaced -butyl alcohol in some appHcations where the branched alcohol appears to have preferred properties and stmcture. However, suppHes of isobutyl alcohol have declined relative to overall C-4 alcohols, especially in Europe, with the conversion of many Oxo plants to rhodium based processes which give higher normal to isobutyraldehyde isomer ratios. Further the supply of isobutyl alcohol at any given time can fluctuate greatly, since it is the lowest valued derivative of isobutyraldehyde, after neopentyl glycol, methyl isoamyl ketone and certain condensation products (10). 

This order was issued just days after Secretary Schlesinger publicly restated the administration s new gas policy If they can, utilities should burn gas to avoid the use of oil, to use up an expected short term surplus in the domestic natural gas market and to provide continuing incentives for domestic gas production. Mr. Schlesinger said the agency would exempt utilities that can burn gas from provisions of the 1978 Coal Conversion Act requiring a switch to coal."... 

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