Affinity process control

Antithrombin El and Factor IX from human plasma In-process control Affinity (Heparin) [71]... 

Many of the processes controlling extraction of analytes from a sorbent, including diffusion out of the sorbent, vapor pressure of the analyte, and affinity of the analyte for the sorbent, are similar to those controlling chromatographic retention. Therefore, the vast compilations of chromatographic retention data may provide information useful in predicting SFE recoveries, provided an analogous mobile phase/sorbent system is chosen for comparison. 

The detection of NH3 in air is of interest for environmental monitoring and process control. PANI can be used as NH3 sensors due to following facts. First, it has a high affinity for NH3, resulting from the similarity of the coordinative roles of nitrogen atoms in PANI and NH3 [122]. Another is that PANI exhibits p-type... 

In the mercerization process, cotton fabrics are usually treated with 20% NaOH solution under tension. Its purpose is to enhance the fabric s characteristics such as dye affinity, dimensional stability, tensile strength, and lustre [8,9]. The process must be controlled to ensure fabric quality. Dye shade variation is the most common quality problem related to mercerized fabrics. The conventional method for determining the degree of mercerization, barium activity number (BAN), is laborious and requires 6 h before a result is obtained, which makes the test unsuitable for process control. Determining the BAN has been the only accepted method for measuring the degree of mercerization. The BAN of mercerized fabric is determined by boiling the samples of mercerized and unmercerized fabrics in... 

Much of tills chapter concerns ET reactions in solution. However, gas phase ET processes are well known too. See figure C3.2.1. The Tiarjioon mechanism by which halogens oxidize alkali metals is fundamentally an electron transfer reaction [2]. One might guess, from tliis simple reaction, some of tlie stmctural parameters tliat control ET rates relative electron affinities of reactants, reactant separation distance, bond lengtli changes upon oxidation/reduction, vibrational frequencies, etc. 

Control of SO is intrinsic to the MHD process because of the strong chemical affinity of the potassium seed in the flow for the sulfur in the gas. Although the system is operated fuel-rich from the primary combustor to the secondary combustor, the predominant sulfur compound in the gas is sulfur... 

Alkali is usually added in a second stage. However, with low reactivity high affinity dyes it is possible to add the alkah at the beginning of the dyeing process and control the rate of uptake and chemical reaction by temperature control. With high affinity dyes the exhaustion takes place at low temperature rapidly before the chemical reaction becomes significant. If dyes are carefully selected or synthesized to have identical dye uptake it is possible to include all the electrolyte from the beginning and operate an "ah-in" technique. 

The reaction kinetics approximation is mechanistically correct for systems where the reaction step at pore surfaces or other fluid-solid interfaces is controlling. This may occur in the case of chemisorption on porous catalysts and in affinity adsorbents that involve veiy slow binding steps. In these cases, the mass-transfer parameter k is replaced by a second-order reaction rate constant k. The driving force is written for a constant separation fac tor isotherm (column 4 in Table 16-12). When diffusion steps control the process, it is still possible to describe the system hy its apparent second-order kinetic behavior, since it usually provides a good approximation to a more complex exact form for single transition systems (see Fixed Bed Transitions ). 

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