AES—See Atomic emission

ICP-OES—also sometimes referred to as ICP-AES for atomic emission spectroscopy) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) also see Chapter 15. 

ICP-AES See inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. 

In 1C, the election-detection mode is the one based on conductivity measurements of solutions in which the ionic load of the eluent is low, either due to the use of eluents of low specific conductivity, or due to the chemical suppression of the eluent conductivity achieved by proper devices (see further). Nevertheless, there are applications in which this kind of detection is not applicable, e.g., for species with low specific conductivity or for species (metals) that can precipitate during the classical detection with suppression. Among the techniques that can be used as an alternative to conductometric detection, spectrophotometry, amperometry, and spectroscopy (atomic absorption, AA, atomic emission, AE) or spectrometry (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS, and MS) are those most widely used. Hence, the wide number of techniques available, together with the improvement of stationary phase technology, makes it possible to widen the spectrum of substances analyzable by 1C and to achieve extremely low detection limits. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry. See AAS Atomic emission spectrometry. See AES... 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. See ICP-AES... 

Internal standards are also used in trace metal analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. An internal standard solution is added to ICP-MS and ICP-AES samples to correct for matrix effects, and the response to the internal standard serves as a correction factor for all other analytes (see also chapter 2). 

Straw ash and willow ash were prepared by ashing flnely ground raw material at SSO overnight in a box furnace. The bulk composition of the ashes was determined by Inductive Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (see Table 3). Ash was then mixed with quartz sand in a ratio of 1.3 8.7 by weight (roughly I I by volume),... 

Many of the analytical methods for detecting vanadium in biological samples have also been used to measure vanadium in environmental samples. They are detailed in Table 6-2. These include GFAAS, spectrophotometry, IDMS, and ICP-AES. Other techniques employed for measuring vanadium in environmental samples are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and direct current plasma- atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES). The most widely used methods utilize some modification of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In general, similar methods are employed for preparation and clean up of environmental and biological samples prior to quantification of vanadium (see Section 6.1). 

DCP-AES direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry DCP-OES direct current plasma optical emission spectrometry see DCP-AES DELEIA dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay demyeUnation removal of the myelin sheath of a nerve... 

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. 

Many methods used for qualitative analysis are destmctive, that is, the sample is consumed during the analysis or must be chemically altered in order to be analyzed. The most sensitive and comprehensive elemental analysis methods for inorganic analysis are inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES or ICP-AES), discussed in Chapter 7, and ICP-MS, discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. These techniques can identify almost all the elements in the periodic table, even when only trace amounts are present, but often require that the sample be in the form of a solution. If the sample is a rock or a piece of glass or a piece of biological tissue, the sample usually must be dissolved in some way to provide a solution for analysis. We will see how this is done later in the chapter. The analyst can determine accurately what elements are present, but information about the molecules in the sample is often lost in the sample preparation... 

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