Aerodynamic forces sources

The use of wind as a renewable energy source involves the conversion of power contained in moving air masses to rotating shaft power. These air masses represent the complex circulation of winds near the surface of Earth caused by Earth s rotation and by convective heating from the sun. The actual conversion process utilizes basic aerodynamic forces, ie, lift or drag, to produce a net positive torque on a rotating shaft, resulting in the production of mechanical power, which can then be used directly or converted to electrical power. 

Building Downwash A review must be conducted for each stack to determine if building downwash effec ts need to be considered. Atmospheric flow is disrupted by aerodynamic forces in the immediate vicinity of structures or terrain obstacles. The disrupted flow near either building structures or terrain obstacles can both enhance the vertical dispersion of emissions from the source and reduce the effective height of the emissions from the source, resulting in an increase in the maximum GLC. 

Use could be made of aerodynamic effects such as Bernouille or Magnus effects to generate quite high forces. Water could also be used as a source of variable mass, filling containers which can change the balance of various hinged parts of a sculpture. 

Road transport is an important contributor to primary emissions of PM (soot, wear particles and road dust) and also a source of secondary particles formed by condensation of gaseous species (mainly S- and N-compounds and organics) emitted by the tailpipe and partly also by the wear of brakes and tyres. Thus, PM emissions from road traffic are responsible for an important proportion of the exceedances of the PM10 and PM25 Air Quality Limit Values established by the European legislation for the protection of the human health (2008/50/EC [17]). The daily (50 pg m-3) and annual (40 pg m 3 ) limit values for PM10 (atmospheric particles with mean aerodynamic diameter <10 pm) and the annual limit value for PM2.5 (25 pg m-3) (in force from 2015) concentrations in ambient air are indeed exceeded mostly in the urban areas (Fig. 1 [17]). 

From the formula (7.23) follows, what even in case of a dispersoid uniform distribution in a gas stream on an entry in a spray of an irrigating liquid (c = const), concentration of an impurity in gas on an exit from a drop layer will be a variable on scrubber radius. This fact is caused, on the one hand, by expansion of a flat spray in process of removal from a source and, accordingly, water concentration decrease, and with another—falling of a radial velocity of drops of a liquid at the expense of force of an aerodynamic resistance (Mashayek, 1997 2003 and 2002). 

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