Advances retrospect

A Retrospective View of Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis 1956-1996, Science... 

R. L. Burwell, Jr, A retrospective view of advances in heterogeneous catalysis 1956-1996, science, in 11th International Congress on Catalysis - 40th Anniversary, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1996. 

One of us examined the timely use of three factors (melatonin treatment, exposure to light, physical exercise) to hasten the resynchronization of the sleep-wake cycle in a group of elite sports competitors after a transmeridian flight across 12 time zones (Cardinali et al. 2002). Outdoor light exposure and physical exercise were used to cover symmetrically the phase delay and the phase advance portions of the phase-response curve. Melatonin taken at local bedtime helped to resynchronize the circadian oscillator to the new time. Individual actograms taken from sleep log data showed that all subjects became synchronized in their sleep to the local time in 24-48 h, well in advance of what would be expected in the absence of any treatment (Cardinali et al. 2002). More recently, a retrospective analysis of the data obtained from 134 normal volunteers flying the Buenos Aires - Sydney transpolar route in the past 9 years was published this further supports such a role for exogenous melatonin in resynchronization of sleep cycles (Cardinal et al. 2006). 

Articulating the three concepts for harmonization was particularly important. Prospective and retrospective clarify the distinction between work required to avoid conflict when establishing standards for pharmacopeial articles for which standards do not exist, or where few standards exist among the pharmacopeias, from work required to reconcile differences among well-established standards for articles that may have been in the pharmacopeias for considerable time. Prospective harmonization was inaugurated for biotechnology-derived products. Retrospective harmonization focused on pharmaceutical excipients and analytical tests and methods. Forward harmonization expresses a philosophy and environment for harmonization consistent with advances in pharmaceutical analysis. 

The study objectives, hypothesis/aim of the study, and the genes or polymorphisms to be assessed shonld be stated in advance of the stndy (see Note 1). It should be made clear whether the study is retrospective or prospective. If REMARK (35) guidelines have been followed, this shonld be stated and referenced. 

The assignment of a lesion into one of these types is purely morphological and based on the anatomical location of the tumor or the best estimate of its epicenter for those with advanced disease. Classification can be performed easily based on a combination of contrast radiography, upper endoscopy, and CT (38). In a retrospective analysis of 74 patients with gastric cancer, the preoperative classification had a high correlation (95%) to the final classification based on the resected specimen (39). 

Patients with locally advanced colon cancer and suspected microscopic or gross residual disease after surgery pose a difficult management problem. Postoperative radiation therapy in addition to standard chemotherapy may have some utility in sterilizing residual disease. In retrospective studies, local radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy achieves local control in46-70% of patients with microscopic residual... 

Jack KH (1993) SIALON CERAMICS Retrospect and Prospect. In Chen IW, Becher PF, Mitomo M, Petzow G, Yen TS (eds) Silicon Nitride Ceramics - Scientific and Technological Advances. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 287. Materials Research Soc, Pittsburgh, p 15... 

Katritzky, A. R., Drum, C., Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Prospect and Retrospect, 40, 1. 

Even the most conscientious experimentalist in retrospect occasionally detects in a previously determined value an unanticipated error16 source. The possibility of such fictitious errors should not be compensated for in advance by use of unduly expanded uncertainties [6], A principal purpose of expanded uncertainties remains to provide the assurance that in a large number of similar measurements only a very small proportion will lie outside the indicated uncertainty. 

The rest of the physics world was dazzled by the mathematical wizardry and the stature of Niels Bohr who championed the new theory from its inception. In retrospect some of the claims about the new theory as "the end of the road" for theoretical physics appear bizarre, making the universal uncritical acceptance of the new theory all the more remarkable. The further claim that the new development represented a total break with classical physics, although equally bizarre, was enthusiastically hailed as the biggest single advance ever achieved in physics. 

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