Adrenergic effects

ORGANS OR STRUCTURES SYMPATHETIC (ADRENERGIC) EFFECTS TYPES OF SYMPATHETIC (ADRENERGIC) RECEPTOR PARASYMPATHETIC (CHOUNERGiq EFFECTS... 

Drug Usual IV Dose Adrenergic Effects Potential to Cause Arrhythmias... 

Only non-selective p-blockers reduce bleeding complications in patients with known varices. Blockade of P, receptors reduces cardiac output and splanchnic blood flow. 02-Adrenergic blockade prevents p2-receptor-mediated splanchnic vasodilation while allowing unopposed a-adrenergic effects this enhances vasoconstriction of both the systemic and splanchnic vascular beds. The combination of P, and P2 effects makes the non-selective p-blockers preferable to car-dioselective agents in treating portal hypertension.1,36,41... 

Trazodone routinely causes sedation, which is why it is used far more often as an adjunct with other antidepressants for sleep than as a primary agent for the treatment of depression. Priapism is a rare but serious adverse effect in males who take trazodone. In addition, orthostatic hypotension and dizziness are more common with trazodone than with nefazodone because the latter agent has a weaker effect at a-adrenergic receptors and also has a balancing of adrenergic effects owing... 

Grenhoff J., North R., Johnson S. (1995). Alpha 1-adrenergic effects on dopamine neurons recorded intracellularly in the rat midbrain slice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1707-13. 

While the inhibition of noradrenaline re-uptake exerts predominantly an a-adrenergic effect, a selective jS-adrenergic effect can not be obtained by such an indirect mechanism. All selective /3-sympathomi-metics activate the receptors, P -, P2- or both sub-types, directly. The first pure jS-sympathomimetic in clinical use was isoproterenol which is structurally identical to adrenaline except the methyl-moiety at the N-position in the side-chain is replaced by an isopropyl-group. All effects produced by isoproterenol are due to either P -or 62-adrenoceptor stimulation tachycardia, increased stroke volume, decreased vascular resistance, broncho dilatation and, in pregnancy, uterus relaxation. The metabolic effects of isoproterenol are less pronounced than those of adrenaline. 

Symptoms of hypoglycemia have to be expected when the blood glucose concentration is below 2.6 mmol/1. The effects of hypoglycemia vary from patient to patient and can vary in the same patient. The symptoms and signs are of two types adrenergic effects, due to release of catecholamines, and neuroglycopenic effects, due to the effects of hypoglycemia on the nervous system. 

Adrenergic effects Hunger, restlessness, profuse sweating, palor, tachycardia, and palpitation. 

The antiarrythmic drug amiodarone inhibits reserpine binding in a concentration-dependent manner and has a sympatholytic, anti-adrenergic effect in the heart, inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine (Haikerwal et al., 1999). Blockers of VMAT and L-type calcium channels have also been reported to exert reciprocal inhibitory actions (Mahata et al., 1996). 

Table II. Adrenergic Effects of Some Indole-Nucleus Compounds, Classified by Alphanumeric Clustering Method I.

Amphetamines inhibit adrenergic blockers and enhance adrenergic effects of norepinephrine... 

Theophylline potentiates p-adrenergic effects, e.g. of salbutamol, and cardiac arrhythmia may result during treatment of asthma. 

After adequate fluid resuscitation has been established, inotropic support is usually required. Noradrenaline is the inotrope of choice for septic shock its potent a-adrenergic effect increases the mean arterial pressure and its modest Pj effect may raise cardiac output, or at least maintain it as the peripheral vascular resistance increases. Dobutamine may be added further to augment cardiac output. 

Since adrenaline is so short acting, the metabolic and other adrenergic effects which it can produce are unlikely to be elicited unless a depot formulation is used in the latter event, hyperglycemia may occur. 

Trap-Jensen J, Carlsen JE, Svendsen TL, Christensen NJ. Cardiovascmar and adrenergic effects of cigarette smokmg dming immediate non-selective and selective beta adrenoceptor blockade in hnmans. Em J Clin Invest 1979 9(3) 181-3. 

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