Adoption studies disorders

The evidence available from family, twin, and adoption studies supports the existence of genetic factors in the development of primary mood disorders. 

Genetic studies (primarily derived from population, family, twin, and adoptive studies) suggest that certain depressive disorders may have a genetic loading, especially bipolar and imipolar depression. 

Family, twin, and adoption studies have shown the effect of genetic factors in the affective disorders. Some evidence is seen of at least two distinct subgroups, one X-linked and the other transmitted on chromosome 11 (12-18). Reevaluation of the data by the original authors after additional clinical information became available has led to their modification of the conclusions (19). Clinical correlates of the genetic linkage have been reviewed recently (20, 21) and the codistribution of blood groups was also studied (22). 

Dickens WT, Flynn JR 2000 Heritability vs. environmental effects. Psychol Rev, in press Duyme M, Dumaret A-C, Tomkiewicz S 1999 How can we boost IQs of dull children A late adoption study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 8790—8794 Jensen AR 1973 Educability and group differences. Methuen, London Rushton JP 1995 Race, evolution and behavior. Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ Rutter M, Smith DJ (eds) 1995 Psychosocial disorders in young people time trends and their causes. Wiley, Chichester... 

Sorensen TI, Holst C, Stunkard AJ. Adoption study of environmental modifications of the genetic influences on obesity. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 1998 22 73-81. 

A preliminary least-squares refinement with the conventional, spherical-atom model indicated no disorder in the low-temperature structure, unlike what had been observed in a previous room-temperature study [4], which showed disorder in the butylic chain at Cl. The intensities were then analysed with various multipole models [12], using the VALRAY [13] set of programs, modified to allow the treatment of a structure as large as LR-B/081 the original maximum number of atoms and variables have been increased from 50 to 70 and from 349 to 1200, respectively. The final multipole model adopted to analyse the X-ray diffraction data is described here. 

Schizophrenia is a disorder of complex genetics. Adoption, twin and family studies carried out over the last 40 years have provided compelling evidence for the heri-tability of schizophrenia [4]. Meta-analysis of the twin... 

The oxide Ba2In205 is another well-studied phase that adopts the brownmillerite structure. This material disorders above 930°C to a perovskite-type structure containing oxygen vacancies. Both the Sr-Fe and Ba-In oxides are of interest for electrochemical applications in fuel cells and similar devices (Section 6.10). 

ID and 2D 13C NMR were carried out in a series of novel nematogens by Bayle and co-workers to study the effects on the conformation and order due to the addition of lateral and/or terminal substituents.249 251 For example, lateral flexible substituents are found to adopt a mean conformation more or less parallel to the mesogenic core. As a result, lateral chains are less disordered than terminal chains. Nematogens containing polyoxyethylene ether (POE) chain as a lateral crown ether and terminal chain(s) have been... 

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