Adenylate kinase, catalysis

To summarize, all the above studies clearly indicate the existence of multiple timescales in the hydration-layer dynamics. While a large fraction of hydration-layer water remains almost as fast as its bulk counterpart, a sizable fraction is slow. It is conceivable that the slow water molecules reside near the hydrophilic residues that provide stability to the enzymes, while the fast water molecules participate in the biological activities. For example, in adenylate kinase catalysis, one finds that water molecules play an important functional role, which has been discussed earlier in Chapter 7, section 7.2. 

Wild, K. Grafmuller, R. Wagner, E. Schulz, G.E. Structure, catalysis and supramolecular assembly of adenylate kinase from maize. Eur. J. Biochem., 250, 326-331 (1997)... 

Weiss and coworkers pioneered in using single-molecule FRET to study the conformational dynamics and reaction mechanism of staphylococcal nuclease.85 Lu and coworkers used it to study the conformational dynamics of T4 lysozyme during catalysis.58 Hammes, Benkovic, and coworkers studied dihydrofolate reductase,25 the enzymes involved in T4 primosome86 and replisome.87 88 Yang and coworkers studied adenylate kinase.89 Here, we use the T4 lysozyme study to illustrate the approach.5... 

Fig. 4.2. The oxidation mechanisms of lactate by sulfate in the sulfate-reducing bacteria of Desulfovibrio genus. Circled numbers 1, lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) 2, pyruvate-ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating) 3, phosphate acetyltransferase 4, acetate kinase 5, sulfate adenylyltransferase 6, adenylylsulfate reductase 7, sulfite reductase 8, adenylate kinase. ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate is also biosynthesized by the catalysis of ATP synthase using the energy liberated by the electron transfer around this part...

The sulfite oxidation pathway other than that mentioned above occurs in some thiobacilli sulfite reacts with AMP by the catalysis of adenylylsulfate reductase (APS reductase) to form APS and then APS reacts with diphosphate by the catalysis of sulfate adenylyltransferase to produce sulfate and ATP (Lyric and Suzuki, 1970c Stille and Triiper, 1984), or APS reacts with orthophosphate by the catalysis of sulfate adenylyltransferase (ADP) and ATP is formed from resulting ADP by the catalysis of adenylate kinase (Zimmermann et al., 1999). 

CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc). CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid has been prepared enzymatically on small scales (> 0.5 mmol) from CTP and NeuAc, under catalysis by CMP-NeuAc synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) [131l An improvement in this procedure, involving in situ production of CTP from CMP under adenylate kinase and pyruvate kinase catalysis, is suitable for multigram-scale synthesis11321. Adenylate kinase catalyzes the equilibration of CTP and CMP to CDP, which is subsequently phosphorylated by pyruvate kinase to provide CTP. A one-pot synthesis of CMP-NeuAc based on this procedure involves the in situ synthesis of NeuAc from N-acetylmannosamine and pyruvate, catalyzed by sialic acid aldolase (Fig. 11.3-12)[10S1. Chemical syntheses of CMP-NeuAc have also been reported11421. 

P-glycerate kinase reaction. Fig. 11 also shows the effect of sulfate ion on the spectrum of the stoichiometric equilibrium mixture. That is nearly equal to 1 for arginine kinase, creatine kinase and adenylate kinase for which indicates significant catalysis in either direction, or for 3-P-glycer-... 

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