Adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate reductase

FIGURE 6.3 Quantification on the first half of an isolated peak. The spectrum is from the [2Fe-2S] cluster in the enzyme adenosine phosphosulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Verhagen et al. 1993). The inset shows the asymmetrical low-field -feature the vertical line at the peak position indicates the rightmost integration limit for quantification on half... 

FIGURE 13.6 Whole bacterial-cell EPR. A frozen concentrated suspension of cells from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris gives an EPR spectrum with only a [2Fe-2S]1+ signal and a flavin radical signal, both from adenosine phosphosulfate reductase. 

Verhagen, M.F.J.M., Kooter, I.M., Wolbert, R.B.G., and Hagen, W.R. 1993. On the iron-sulfur cluster of adenosine phosphosulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough). European Journal of Biochemistry 221 831-837. 

Lyric RM, Suzuki I. 1970. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of thiosulfate by Thiobacillus thioparus. II. Properties of adenosine 5 -phosphosulfate reductase. Can J Biochem 48 344-54. 

Peck HD, Deacon TE, Davidson JT. 1965. Studies on adenosine 5 -phosphosulfate reductase from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Thiobacillus thioparus. Biochim Biophys Acta 96 429 7. 

The biochemical pathway of both assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction is illustrated in Figure 1. The details of the dissimilatory reduction pathway are useful for understanding the origin of bacterial stable isotopic fractionations. The overall pathways require the transfer of eight electrons, and proceed through a number of intermediate steps. The reduction of sulfate requires activation by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to form adenosine phosphosulfate (APS). The enzyme ATP sulfurylase catalyzes this reaction. In dissimilatory reduction, the sulfate moiety of APS is reduced to sulfite (SO3 ) by the enzyme APS reductase, whereas in assimilatory reduction APS is further phosphorylated to phospho-adenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS) before reduction to the oxidation state of sulfite and sulfide. Although the reduction reactions occur in the cell s cytoplasm (i.e., the sulfate enters the cell), the electron transport chain for dissimilatory sulfate reduction occurs in proteins that are peiiplasmic (within the bacterial cell wall). The enzyme hydrogenase... 

Lyric RM, Suzuki I (1970c) Kinetic studies of sulfite cytochrome c oxidoreductase, thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme, and adenosine-5 -phosphosulfate reductase from Thiobacillus thioparus. Can J Microbiol 48 594-603... 

Odom JM, Jessie K, Knodel E, Emptage M. Immunological cross-reactivities of adenosine-5 -phosphosulfate reductases from sulfete-ieducing and sulfide oxidizing bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1991 57 727-33. 

Fig. 6.3 Generalized overview of Se metabolism in plants. Numbers denote known enzymes. (1) ATP sulfurylase, (2) adenosine-5-phosphosulfate reductase, (3) glutathione or sulfite reductase, (4) glutathione reductase or O-acetylserine thiol lyase, (5) Selenocysteine methyltransferase, (6) Selenocysteine lyase, (7) cystathionine-g-synthase, (8) cystathionine-b-lyase, (9) methionine synthase, (10) methionine methyltransferase, (11) DMSP lyase, (12) g-gjutamylcysteine synthetase (Source Parker et al. (2003), Sors et al. (2005b), Pilon-Smits and Quinn (2010), Lindblom et al. (2012), Yu and Gu (2013), PUon-Smits et al. (2014), Winkel et al. (2015) and PUon-Smits (2015))...

Odom, J. M., Jessie, K., Knodel, E., et al., Immunological Cross-Reactivities of Adenosine-5 -Phosphosulfate Reductases from Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfide Oxidizing Bacteria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57 727—733 (1991). 

In bacteria PAPS is a substrate for sulfate reduction. In plants, adenosine-5 -phosphosulfate is the substrate. Thioredoxin, a small thiol-containing protein, reduces the sulfate in PAPS to sulfite (SOS "). Sulfite is reduced by sulfite reductase in a six electron transfer through the intermediates NADPH, FAD, FMN, an iron-sulfur center, and the porphyrin siroheme. The end product is H2S. 

RapidChek II SRB Test Kit is manufactured by Strategic Diagnostics, Inc. (U.S.). This test kit detects the presence of SRB in water bottom samples in less than twenty minutes. Antibodies are used to detect the enzyme adenosine-5 -phosphosulfate (APS) reductase, which is produced by all strains of SRB. 

Fig. 3. Regulation of the bound pathway for the assimilation of sulfate into cysteine and associated processes. Carrier refers to an endogenous thiol of uncertain identity in higher plants. Enzymes associated with the sulfate assimilation pathway and the synthesis of O-acetylseiine are (1) high-ailinity sulfate uptake mechanism, (2) ATP-sulfurylase, (3) adenosine S -phosphosulfate (APS) sulfotransferase, (4) organic thiosulfate reductase, (5) cysteine synthase, and (6) serine transacetylase. Cysteine sulfhydrase (7), an enzyme of cysteine catabolism, and nitrate reductase (8), the first enzyme of the nitrate assimilation pathway, are also shown. Inhibitory control of the pathways is shown by discontinuous lines (----) and enhancement by continuous lines (------).

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