Adaptation to growth

Harrowe G, Cheng-Mayer C (1995) Amino acid substitutions in the V3 loop are responsible for adaptation to growth in transformed T-cell lines of a primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology 210 490-494... 

Shedletzky, E., Shmuel, M., Trainin, T., Kalman, S., and Delmer, D. (1992) Cell wall structure in cells adapted to growth on the cellulose-synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. Plant Physiol. 100 120-130. 

Zimmermann T, F Gasser, HG Kulla, T Leisinger (1984) Comparison of two bacterial azoreductases acquired during adaptation to growth on azo dyes. Arch Microbiol 138 37-43. 

In Section 2, factors that could lead to particle assembly and secretion into the supernatant were discussed. At this point a deeper analysis of the factors affecting cell infection will be made. Optimisation of the production process should take into account virus-cell interactions, and more specifically viral attachment and internalisation into the cell. The impact of chemical modifications of the medium in baculovirus attachment-internalisation has not been carefully studied. It is widely known for example, that serum increases the infec-tivity of baculovirus. These reviewers have had one case where we were only able to succeed in infecting Sf9 cells adapted to growth in serum-free media [52], with a baculovirus produced by Sf9 cells (not adapted to grow in serum-free media), after adding serum to the culture (authors unpublished observations). However, since serum is not desirable for use in industrial production, its utilisation should be avoided as much as possible. 

Repeat this process until the cells are adapted to growth in 0% serum and maintain them without serum for 4-5 passages to ensure stability. 

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to growth in hot climates. The first products of photosynthesis are C4 acids normal plants produce PGA, a 3 carbon acid, and hence are termed C3 plants. C4 photosynthesis has evolved independently in at least 16 families of flowering plemts. C4 metabolism is a way of getting round the problem of Rubisco s unfortunate oxygenase activity. C4 plants concentrate CO2 biochemically in a variety of ways, so Rubisco is exposed to a very high CO2/O2 ratio, which inhibits photorespiration. 

Cells are cultured in FIO supplemented with 15% horse serum and 2.5% FBS. The cells are adaptable to growth in suspension culture in spinner flasks using Eagle s MEM. 

During the degradation of 4-nitrobenzoate by C. acidovorans, 4-nitroso and 4-hydroxylaminobenzoate were formed successively, and the latter was then metabolized to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate with the elimination of NH4+ (Groenewegen et al. 1992). It should be noted that these cells were not adapted to growth with either 4-ami-nobenzoate or 4-hydroxybenzoate that are alternative plausible intermediates. A comparable pathway is used by strains of Pseudomonas sp. for the degradation of 4-nitrotoluene that is... 

An essential purification measure for the attenuation of infectious risk is immu-noaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody directed against FVIII. The monoclonal antibody is expressed by hybridoma cells also adapted to growth in a protein-free medium, and then subjected to extensive testing for both known and unknown virases. 

In yeast, increased levels of cAMP are found when glucose grown cells adapt to growth on maltose [27, 28]. Consequently cAMP relieves the catabolite repression of a-glucosidase [29]. It seems, therefore, that cAMP has a similar regulatory function in yeast to that in bacteria. 

Many photosynthetic organisms adapt to growth irradiance changes by adjusting the absorption cross-section of their photosynthetic apparatus (1,2). Alteration of the effective absorption cross-section results in part from changes in cellular abundance of pigment protein complexes. 

Moore, J. P. and Ho, D. D. (1995) HIV-1 neutralization The consequences of viral adaptation to growth on transfomred T cells. AIDS 9(suppl A), S117-S136. 

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