Acute risks, definition

Additionally, chronic drug use has been linked to neuropsychological problems that in turn make it harder to stop the cycle of abuse. Psychoactive drugs by definition affect the brain, and long-term or acute exposure to psychoactive substances can be toxic. Furthermore, we know that drug abuse can increase the risks of stroke, brain injury related to accidents, malnutrition, or liver damage, all of which can adversely affect brain function as well. 

The risk of relapse in discontinuation trials depends on many non-pharmacological, often poorly controllable factors, notably the expectations of the patients, doctors and nurses, other environmental factors, the duration of hospitalization and prior treatment, and the time interval since the last acute psychotic episode. On the basis of an analysis of 14 discontinuation trials, Kane and Lieberman (1987) found that the relapse rate varied greatly from study to study depending on the trial, relapse rates of 30 86% with clustering around 60 70% have been reported in the first 12 months after placebo substitution. According to Kane and Lieberman, this scatter is a result of the different inclusion criteria applied and the different definitions of relapse . 

Obviously, acute or chronic toxicity is not an issue with the use of C02. Similarly, the ecological impact of carbon dioxide is negligible when used as a solvent, and C02 is—by definition—not regulated as a VOC. The application of C02 as a solvent in chemical synthesis would not generate any additional carbon dioxide and therefore would not contribute to greenhouse gas emission. Even for large-scale applications, no toxic or environmental risk would arise in case of any accidental contamination of the immediate environment with the solvent C02 if sufficient ventilation is provided. 

No studies were located regarding death in humans after acute inhalation of chromium or chromium compounds. An increased risk of death from noncancer respiratory disease was reported in retrospective mortality studies of workers in a chrome plating plant (Sorahan et al. 1987) and chromate production (Davies et al. 1991 Taylor 1966) (see Section 2.2.1.2, Respiratory Effects). However, a number of methodological deficiencies in these studies prevent the establishment of a definitive cause-effect... 

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