Active protection systems water distribution

Normally where it is necessary, fireproofing is preferred over water spray for several reasons. The fireproofing is a passive inherent safety feature, while the water spray is a vulnerable active system that requires auxiliary control to be activated. Additionally the water spray relies on supplemental support systems that may be vulnerable to failures, i.e., pumps, distribution network, etc. The integrity of fireproofing systems is generally considered superior to explosion incidents compared to water spray piping systems. The typical application of water sprays in place of fireproofing is for vessel protection. 

The project plan should encompass all aspects of a fire protection system, such as the underground fire water distribution system, fire pumps, aboveground water header, valving and standpipes, structural support, and detection and alarm systems. All work on the fire protection system must be coordinated with other work activities at the site or in the operating unit. The recommended installation practices for the different types of fire protection systems are covered in consensus standards, such as NFPA. The installation process is illustrated in Figure 9-1. 

Chlorine is unique in that it is the only one of the group to possess the residual disinfectant activity in other words, it maintains its protection of the drinking water throughout the distribution pipeline system. All the other disinfectants, with exception of chlorine dioxide, must be followed with a low dose of chlorine in order to preserve the protection in marginal sites of the water distributing systems. 

For many solubilized enzymes the greatest catalytic activity and/or changes in conformation are found at R < 12, namely, when the competition for the water in the system between surfactant head groups and biopolymers is strong. This emphasizes the importance of the hydration water surrounding the biopolymer on its reactivity and conformation [13], It has been reported that enzymes incorporated in the aqueous polar core of the reversed micelles are protected against denaturation and that the distribution of some proteins, such as chymotrypsine, ribonuclease, and cytochrome c, is well described by a Poisson distribution. The protein state and reactivity were found markedly different from those observed in bulk aqueous solution [178,179],... 

The physical states of lipid systems affect the distribution of antioxidants and influence their activity. a-Tocopherol and Trolox exhibit complex interfacial properties between air-oil and oil-water interfaces that significantly affect their relative activities in different lipid systems (see Chapter 10). In the bulk oil system, the hydrophilic Trolox is apparently more protective by being oriented in the air-oil interface (Figure 10.8). In the emulsion system, the lipophilic a-tocopherol is more protective by being oriented in the oil-water interface. Because of its tendency to form micelles, linoleic acid is not an appropriate lipid for testing antioxidants since their behavior in this substrate would be significantly different from that in foods composed mainly of triacylglycerols. 

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