Acrolein/acrylonitrile

Donor substituents on the vinyl group further enhance reactivity towards electrophilic dienophiles. Equations 8.6 and 8.7 illustrate the use of such functionalized vinylpyrroles in indole synthesis[2,3]. In both of these examples, the use of acetyleneic dienophiles leads to fully aromatic products. Evidently this must occur as the result of oxidation by atmospheric oxygen. With vinylpyrrole 8.6A, adducts were also isolated from dienophiles such as methyl acrylate, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, acrolein, acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, W-methylmaleimide and naphthoquinone. These tetrahydroindole adducts could be aromatized with DDQ, although the overall yields were modest[3]. 

Potassium hydride Air, chlorine, acetic acid, acrolein, acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, nitroparaf-flns, A-nitrosomethylurea, tetrahydrofuran, water... 

Acetic Acid Acetic anhydride Acetoacetanilide Acetone cyanhydnn Acetyl chloride Acrolein Acrylonitrile Alcohols Alkaloids... 

For the ordinary Diels-Alder reaction the dienophile preferentially is of the electron-poor type electron-withdrawing substituents have a rate enhancing effect. Ethylene and simple alkenes are less reactive. Substituent Z in 2 can be e.g. CHO, COR, COOH, COOR, CN, Ar, NO2, halogen, C=C. Good dienophiles are for example maleic anhydride, acrolein, acrylonitrile, dehydrobenzene, tetracya-noethylene (TCNE), acetylene dicarboxylic esters. The diene preferentially is of the electron-rich type thus it should not bear an electron-withdrawing substituent. 

EPA. 1986b. Gas chromatographic analysis of acrolein, acrylonitrile, and acetonitrile. Method 8030. In Test methods for evaluating solid wastes. SW-846. 3rd ed. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

Kankaanpaa J, Elovaara E, Hemminiki K, et al. 1979. Embryotoxicity of acrolein, acrylonitrile and acrylamide in developing chick embryos. Toxicol Lett 4 93-96. 

Acrolein/acrylonitrile Glass with PTEF liner <6°, pH 4-5 7... 

Acetamido-4-amino-6-chloro-s-triazine, see Atrazine Acetanilide, see Aniline, Chlorobenzene, Vinclozolin Acetic acid, see Acenaphthene, Acetaldehyde, Acetic anhydride. Acetone, Acetonitrile, Acrolein, Acrylonitrile, Aldicarb. Amyl acetate, sec-Amyl acetate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Butyl acetate, sec-Butyl acetate, ferf-Butyl acetate, 2-Chlorophenol, Diazinon. 2,4-Dimethylphenol, 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 1,4-Dioxane, 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine, Esfenvalerate. Ethyl acetate, Flucvthrinate. Formic acid, sec-Hexyl acetate. Isopropyl acetate, Isoamyl acetate. Isobutyl acetate, Methanol. Methyl acetate. 2-Methvl-2-butene. Methyl ferf-butvl ether. Methyl cellosolve acetate. 2-Methvlphenol. Methomvl. 4-Nitrophenol, Pentachlorophenol, Phenol. Propyl acetate. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Vinyl acetate. Vinyl chloride Acetoacetic acid, see Mevinphos Acetone, see Acrolein. Acrylonitrile. Atrazine. Butane. 

Formic acid, see Acenaphthene, Acrolein, Acrylonitrile, Allidochlor. Allyl chloride. Aniline, Benzene,... 

The relative reactivities of acrolein, acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate have also been investigated by means of the Fukui function /+(r) and its condensed counterpart /c+18- These are local properties that help determine the preferred direction for a reagent to approach a substrate. In this instance they also mirror the relative reactivity of different substrates. Both functions correlated well with the experimental data, the LUMO density being a relatively good approximation to the Fukui function. A closely related local property is the condensed local softness s+(r), which also correlated well with the relative reactivities19. 

Free-radical-mediated four-component coupling reactions are rare. However, when an allyltin-mediated radical carbonylation is conducted in the presence of electron-deficient alkenes, four-component coupling reactions take place efficiently to give good yields of p-functionalized <5,fi-unsaturated ketones [40]. The wide scope of this four-component coupling reaction is noteworthy Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides and iodides can be used as well as aromatic and vinylic halides. A variety of electron-deficient alkenes, such as methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl acrylate, acrolein, acrylonitrile, and vinyl sulfone, can be used as the acyl radical trap (Scheme 6.23). Fluorous allyltin compounds can also be used in four-component coupling reactions [41]. 

Figure 15.1 shows the expected fall-off in log BCF values of many (but not all) chemicals at log Kow values > ca. 6, and several possible reasons for this have been discussed above. More unusually, three hydrophilic compounds (acrolein, acrylonitrile, and hydroquinone) have BCF... 

Zitting A, Heinonen T. 1980. Decrease of reduced glutathione in isolated rat hepatocytes caused by acrolein, acrylonitrile and the thermal degradation products of styrene copolymers. Toxicology 17 333-342. 

As a primary amine, monoethanolamine will react with aldehydes and ketones to yield aldimines and ketimines. Additionally, monoethanolamine will react with aluminum, copper, and copper alloys to form complex salts. A violent reaction will occur with acrolein, acrylonitrile, epichlorohy-drin, propiolactone, and vinyl acetate. 

The organic toxic pollutants monitored include acrolein, acrylonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropylene, ethylbenzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,... 

Acetone, synthetic Acid esters and amines Acids, organic Acrolein Acrylonitrile Adipic acid Adipic acid esters Adiponitrile Alcohol, aromatic Alcohol, fatty powdered... 

NITRIC ACID (7697-37-2) A strong acid and oxidizer. Reacts with water or steam, forming toxic and corrosive nitrous fumes. Violent reaction when water is added to concentrated acid. To dilute, always add acid to water heat will be generated. Reacts violently with reducing agents, bases, combustible materials, finely dispersed or powdered metals and metal alloys, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetylene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, alcohols, aliphatic amines, allyl chloride, ammonia, aniline, anion exchange resins, 1,4-benzoquinone diimine,... 

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