Acids, amino nucleic

T. Tsunoda in Association of Amino Acid and Nucleic Acid, eds.. The 30th A.nniversa Symposium onA.minoA.cid and Nucleic Acid, Bioindustry Development Center, Tokyo, Japan, 1988, pp. 49—62. 

Multidimensional separations allow for the analysis of complex mixtures, such as those from biological matrices with thousands of components that would be difficult or impossible to separate by utilizing only one method. Electrodriven separations have been employed to separate biological molecules for many years, due to the charged nature of amino acids and nucleic acids. The addition of an electrodriven component to a multidimensional separation is therefore desirable, especially for the separation of biological mixtures. 

A variation on this overall synthetic approach allows the formation of related TSIL ureas by initial conversion of l-(3-aminopropyl)imida2ole into an isocyanate, followed by treatment with an amine and allcylating agent. This approach has been used to append both amino acids and nucleic acids onto the imidazolium cation skeleton [14]. 

Polymers of amino acids, like polymers of nucleic acids, have both ionic and hydrophobic character. Unlike the polymers of nucleic acids, amino acid polymers may carry either a negative or a positive (or zero) net charge, are far more subject to irreversible denaturation and oxidation, and are labile to... 

The compounds that are identifiable in the sea represent a vast array of biochemicals attributable to the life and death of marine plants and animals. They are generally grouped into six classes based on structural similarities hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Because they represent compounds that can be quantified and understood for their chemical properties and known role in biological systems, a great deal of information has been accumulated over the years about these groups and the specific compounds found within them.7... 

Along with stomach, bile, and lactic acids, there are many other acids in the human body These include, but are not limited to, nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins such as folic and ascorbic acids. Nucleic acids, including RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), are long chains of phosphates and sugar to which nucleotide bases are attached. The phosphate molecules in the backbone of RNA and DNA are derived from phosphoric acid. Therefore, DNA is very weakly acidic. 

Chirality is an essential property of life, which can be found throughout all biological self-assembled and self-organized architectures. Over many millennia nature has, through trial and error, learned how to utilize the chiral properties of the small building blocks, for example, amino acids and nucleic acids and how to express this structural property in a hierarchical process at the quaternary level. This expression of chirality at the quaternary level in turn... 

Historically, the target analytes in clinical mass spectrometric applications were small, volatile compounds that could be analyzed by GC-MS (see Chapter 4). With time, new chemical preparation techniques and derivatization schemes broadened the scope of these metabolites to include fatty acids, amino acids, intermediates of glucose oxidation, phospholipids, steroids, neurogenic amines, nucleic acids, etc. The molecular weights (molar masses) after derivatization were less than 1000 Da, a mass range easily within the limits of most conventional mass spectrometers. 

Tim Wehr is Staff Scientist at Bio-Rad Laboratories in Hercules, California. He has more than 20 years of experience in biomolecule separations, including development of HPLC and capillary electrophoresis methods and instrumentation for separation of proteins, peptides, amino acids, and nucleic acids. He has also worked on development and validation of LC-MS methods for small molecules and biopharmaceuticals. He holds a B.S. degree from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, and earned his Ph.D. from Oregon State University in Corvallis. 

LCA toward amino acids and nucleic bases has also been measured. Wesdemiotis and Cerda measured the alkali metal ion affinities of nucleobases in the gas phase from the dissociation of metal ion-bound heterodimers [nucleobase + B]M+, in which B represents a reference base of known affinity and M is an alkali metal. By assessing the dimer decomposition for two different internal energies, entropy is deconvoluted from enthalpy and LCA values are obtained. For guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine and uracil, the corresponding Li+-nucleobase bond energies are as follows 57.2, 55.5, 54.1,... 

Sulfonamides are used for controlling urinary tract infections, acute and chronic lung infections (norcadiosis), protozoan infections of the nervous system (i.e., toxoplasmosis), and a variety of infections in humans and livestock. Their mode of activity is by inhibiting the multiplication of bacteria by competitively inhibiting para-aminobenzioc acid (PABA) in the folic acid metabolism cycle (O Neil et al., 2001). More specifically, they block the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria as the drugs are structurally similar to PABA. Folic acid is essential to the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids. In bacteria, folic acid is synthesized from PABA... 

Phosphorimetric methods have been used to determine such substances as nucleic acids, amino acids, and enzymes. However, this is not a widely used method since it cannot be run at room temperature. Measurements are usually performed with liquid nitrogen to prevent degradation due to collision deactivation. Fluorometric methods are used to determine both inorganic and organic species. Instruments used for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence are fluorometers and spectrofluorometers, respectively. These instruments are similar to ultraviolet and visible spectrometers,... 

INTRINSIC ELECTROACTIVITY OF AMINO ACIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS... 

The mammalian liver is a construction of living cells that function (unlike in other organs) in a delicate choreography that simultaneously detoxifies, metabolizes, and synthesizes proteins. The liver handles the breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and coenzymes (Figure 1.8). In addition to the hepatocytes, other cells within the liver perform other vital functions. The system contributes to the disposition of particulates carried by the bloodstream and fights myriad microbiological agents responsible for a number of infectious diseases. ... 

A large number of N-containing compounds of low molecular weight are not precipitated with proteins by 12% trichloroacetic acid. Some small peptides are included in this group. These nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) constituents aggregate about 1 g/liter and account for about 6% of the total N (i.e., 250-350 mg of N per liter). The principal NPN components are listed in Table 1.6 (Wolfschoon-Pombo and Kloster-meyer 1981). The wide variations in concentrations that have been reported for these constituents probably arise from the fact that many of them are metabolites of amino acids and nucleic acids and from the fact that their concentrations in milk depend on the amounts of those substances consumed by the cow. 

Food yeast, molasses-grown, is dried to about 5% moisture and has the same chemical composition as bakers yeast. In terms of micrograms per gram of yeast, the vitamin content is 165 thiamine 100 riboflavin 590 niacin 20 pyridoxine 13 folacin 100 pantothenic acid 0.6 biotin 160 para-ainiiiobeuzoie acid 2710 choline and 3000 inositol. YeasL crude protein contains 80% amino acids 12% nucleic acids and 8% ammonia. The latter components lower the true protein content to 40% of the dry cell weight. 

Just as proteins are polymers made of amino acid units, nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotide units linked together to form a long chain. Each nucleotide is composed of a nucleoside plus phosphoric acid, H3PO4, and each nucleoside is composed of an aldopentose sugar plus an amine base. 

Molybdenum Cofactor for enzymes involved in catabolism of certain amino acids and nucleic acids Men women 45 pg/d... 

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