Alkenes acids

All lation of Phenols. The approach used to synthesize commercially available alkylphenols is Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The specific procedure typically uses an alkene as the alkylating agent and an acid catalyst, generally a sulfonic acid. Alkene and catalyst interact to form a carbocation and counter ion (5) which interacts with phenol to form a 7T complex (6). This complex is held together by the overlap of the filled TT-orbital of the aromatic... 

Detergents have been manufactured from long-chain alkenes and sulfuhc acid, especially those obtained from shale oil or cracking of petroleum wax. These are sulfated with 90—98 wt % acid at 10—15°C for a 5-min contact time and at an acid—alkene molar ratio of 2 1 (82). Dialkyl sulfate initially forms when 96 wt % acid is added to 1-dodecene at 0°C, but it is subsequently converted to the hydrogen sulfate in 80% yield upon the further addition of sulfuhc acid. The yield can be increased to 90% by using 98 wt % sulfuhc acid and pentane as the solvent at -15°C (83). 

Some preparations of alkene and acetylenic compounds from alkene and acetylenic starting materials can, in principle, be classified in either the monofunctional or difunctional sections for example, the transformation RCH=CHBr — RCH=CHCOOH could be considered as preparing carboxylic acids from halides (Section 25, monofunctional compounds) or preparing a carboxylic acid-alkene (Section 322, difunctional compounds). The choice usually depends on the focus of the particular paper where this reaction was found. In such cases both sections should be consulted. 

Also via Alkenyl Acids Section 322 (Carboxylic Acid -Alkene)... 

The acetoxy group of 9-(l-acetoxyethyl)carbazole is easily displaced with alcohols. Easy displacement of a similarly situated halogen can be achieved, as has been noted before (see Section II,C,2) thus methanol converts 9-(l-chloro-2-iodoethyl)carbazole to 9-(2-iodo-l-methoxyethyI) car-bazole. Elimination of acetic acid or ethanol by strongly heating 9-(l-acetoxyalkyl)- or 9-(l-ethoxyalkyl)carbazoles gives 9-vinylcarbazoles. In the absence of acid, ( )-alkenes are produced, but acid catalysis leads to a mixture of E and Z isomers. Acetyl chloride in pyridine also effects ethanol elimination. ... 

The order of reactivities of various functional groups determined under standard conditions (using externally generated diborane, and tetrahydrofuran as solvent) is acid > alkene > ketone > nitrile > epoxide > ester > acid chloride.33 Acids, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, nitriles, lactones and azo compounds are reduced rapidly, esters more slowly and chloral, acid chlorides and nitro compounds are inert. Double bonds undergo the hydroboration reaction,25 nitriles and azo compounds are reduced to amines, and the remaining groups to alcohols. Ketones can be reduced selectively in the presence of epoxides. Contrary to the order of reactivities given above, it has been claimed that nitriles are reduced more rapidly than ketones.223... 

Reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid. Alkenes react with cold concentrated sulfuric acid by addition. Alkyl sulfonic acids form as products and are soluble in H2S04. 

Delocalization of bonding electrons in the transition complex is an important event. In the absence of this far-reaching delocalization, even the most acid alkenes, ethylene and propene only undergo both radical and ionic polymerization reluctantly. 

Hydrogen Halides. Hydrogen halides add to double bonds to form alkyl halides in high yield [71]. This spontaneous addition is usually second order in acid, suggesting that either dimers of the acid are involved or halide anions react with the acid/alkene adduct by an Ade3 mechanism. Depending on the acid and nucleophile involved, either syn or anti addition is possible [Eq. (26)]. 

In the presence of manganese triacetate and the azide anion in refluxing acetic acid alkenes are converted to 1,2-diazides in satisfactory yield, most probably through a ligand transfer-oxidation mechanism74. 

Entry Carboxylic acid Alkene Yield of additive monomer (%) Yield of additive dimer (%) Ref... 

Introduction.—The oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones over various catalysts, including copper and particularly silver, is a well-established industrial process. The conversion of methanol to formaldehyde over silver catalysts is the most common process, with reaction at 750—900 K under conditions of excess methanol and at high oxygen conversion selectivities are in the region 80—95%. Isopropanol and isobutanol are also oxidized commercially in a similar manner. By-products from these reactions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carboxylic acids, alkenes, and alkanes. 

Cyclopropanecarbonyl chlorides are capable of forming cyclopropyl ketones under the correct reaction conditions. In the presence of a Lewis acid, alkenes and aryl... 

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