Acetylcholine regulation

Mohapel, P., Leanza, G., Kokaia, M., Lindvall, 0. (2005). Forebrain acetylcholine regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and learning. Neurobiol Aging, 26, 939-46. 

Potassium [7440-09-7] K, is the third, element ia the aLkaU metal series. The name designation for the element is derived from potash, a potassium mineral the symbol from the German name kalium, which comes from the Arabic qili, a plant. The ashes of these plants al qili) were the historical source of potash for preparing fertilisers (qv) or gun powder. Potassium ions, essential to plants and animals, play a key role in carbohydrate metaboHsm in plants. In animals, potassium ions promote glycolysis, Hpolysis, tissue respiration, and the synthesis of proteins (qv) and acetylcholine. Potassium ions are also beheved to function in regulating blood pressure. 

The influx of Ca(Il) across the presynaptic membrane is essential for nerve signal transmission involving excitation by acetylcholine (26). Calcium is important in transducing regulatory signals across many membranes and is an important secondary messenger hormone. The increase in intracellular Ca(Il) levels can result from either active transport of Ca(Il) across the membrane via an import channel or by release of Ca(Il) from reticulum stores within the cell. More than 30 different proteins have been linked to regulation by the calcium complex with calmoduhn (27,28). 

Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S (2004) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25 317-324... 

Roth, M. T., Fleegal, M. A., Lydic, R. Baghdoyan, H. A. (1996). Pontine acetylcholine release is regulated by muscarinic autoreceptors. Neuroreport 7, 3069-72. 

Hobson, J. A, Datta, S., Calvo, J. M. 8r Quattrochi, J. (1993). Acetylcholine as a brain state modulator triggering and long-term regulation of REM sleep. Prog. Brain Res. 98, 389-404. 

Jouvet, M. (1972). The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergeb. Physiol. 64, 166-307. 

Vazquez, J. Baghdoyan, H. A. (2004). GABAA receptors inhibit acetylcholine release in cat pontine reticular formation implications for REM sleep regulation. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 2198-206. 

Fredholm, B. B. (1990b). Differential sensitivity to blockade by 4-aminopyridine of presynaptic receptors regulating [3H]acetylcholine release from rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 54 (4), 1386-90. 

Figure 2.1 Diagram of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) structure. A top view of (A) an a7 nAChR and (B) a p2 nAChR shows that homomeric and heteromeric classes of nAChRs are both pentameric in structure. Each subunit is made up of four transmembrane domains with the M2 domain making up the ion pore. (C) A side view of the four transmembrane regions shows the N terminus, C terminus, and large M3-M4 intracellular loop that make up each nAChR subunit. The extracellular loops are available for binding to ligands and the intracellular loop is available for regulation of the nAChR by intracellular signaling proteins.

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